MCQs, NCERT Chapter Solutions and other Q & A
Q1: Which of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy?
(a) Struggle by the people
(b) Invasion by foreign countries
(c) End of colonialism
(d) People’s desire for freedom
Answer: (b) Invasion by foreign countries
Q2: Which of the following statement is true about today’s world?
(a) Monarchy as a form of government has vanished
(b) The relationship between different countries has become more democratic than ever before.
(c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people.
(d) There are no more military dictators in the world.
Answer: (c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people.
Q3: Use one of the following statements to complete the sentence:
Democracy in international organisations requires that …
(a) The rich countries should have a greater say.
(b) Countries should have a say according to their military power.
(c) Countries should be treated with respect in proportion to their population.
(d) All countries in the world should be treated equally.
Answer: (d) All countries in the world should be treated equally.
Q4: Based on the information given in this chapter, match the following countries and the path democracy has taken in that country.
COUNTRY PATH TO DEMOCRACY
a Chile i Freedom from British colonial rule
b Nepal ii End of military dictatorship
c Poland iii End of one-party rule
d Ghana iv King agreed to give up his powers
Answer: a-ii , b-iv, c-iii, d-i
Q5(CBSE 2010): Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) America became independent from British rule in 1776
(b) They adopted a democratic constitution in 1787
(c) Many countries in Europe gave the right to vote to only propertied people
(d) In the United States of America, all the citizens including Blacks were given the right to vote from the beginning.
Answer: (d) In the United States of America all the citizens including Blacks were given the right to vote from the beginning.
Q6: How many member states are there in the International Monetary Fund?
(a) 173
(b) 192
(c) 200
(d) 190
Answer: (a) 173
Q7(CBSE 2010): Which country among the following was the only country by 1900, where every citizen had the voting right?
OR
Q: Which one of the following countries was the first to grant "Universal Suffrage"?
(a) Australia
(b) New Zealand
(c) Poland
(d) USA
Answer: (b) New Zealand
Q8: Which country supported and controlled the autocratic government in Poland?
(a) USA
(b) China
(c) Russia
(d) UK
Answer: (c) Russia
Q9(CBSE 2010): Who was the leader of the Solidarity Movement in Poland?
(a) Michelle Bachelet
(b) Salvador Allende
(c) Lech Walesa
(d) Pinochet
Answer: (c) Lech Walesa
Q10: Why was the International Monetary Fund established?
(a) To maintain peace and security among the countries
(b) Lends money to governments of member nations when in need
(c) To implement and formulate trade agreements
(d) To take a decision regarding misery and poverty of western countries
Answer: (b) Lends money to governments of member nations when in need
Q11: Which one of the following countries is not a permanent member of UN Security Council?
(a) China
(b) France
(c) Japan
(d) Russia
Answer: (c) Japan
Q12: Which freedoms are usually taken away when a democracy is overthrown by the military?
Answer:
1. Political Freedom is lost. When democracy is overthrown by the military, the freedom to choose their leader is snatched away. E.g. In Chile and in Myanmar people could not elect their leaders due to military rule.
2. Civil Freedom is curtailed. There is no real freedom to express one’s opinions, form political associations and organise protests and political action.
3. Democratic and Constitutional (freedom)rights are lost. Anyone can be put in prison for trivial reasons.
Q 13: What are the difficulties people face in a non-democratic country? Give answers drawing from the examples given in this chapter.
Answer:
1. People cannot choose or change their rulers. E.g. In Chile, Myanmar people could not elect their leaders due to military rule.
2. There was is real freedom to express one’s opinions. There is fear that they can be arrested for any trivial matter. E.g. in Poland in 1980, it was prohibited to form another political party or association.
3. They cannot form political associations and organize protests and political action.
4. In general, non-democratic rulers, directly or indirectly, are controlled by the business elite who have vested interests. Economic development growth is arrested and socio-economic conditions of the poor people deteriorate.
Q 14: Which of the following positions can contribute to democracy at the global level? Give reasons for your answer in each case.
a. My country gives more money to international institutions. Therefore, I want to be treated with more respect and exercise more power.
b. My country may be small or poor. But my voice must be heard with equal respect because these decisions will affect my country.
c. Wealthy nations will have a greater say in international affairs. They cannot let their interests suffer just because they are outnumbered by poor nations.
d. Big countries like India must have a greater say in international organisations.
Answer:
(a) NO, it does not promote democracy. Democracy ensures equality irrespective the person or the country is rich or poor.
(b) Yes, the statement supports democracy. The basic objective of democracy is to provide equality and it should work the betterment for all sections of the society.
(c) No, it does not contribute to the spirit of democracy. Democracy ensures equal opportunities for both poor and rich. Otherwise, international policies will be governed by the rich countries.
(d) No, it does not support democracy fully. India being developing nation and the most populous state, represent the voice of the masses. Her opinions must be valued and heard at international arena, but any country should not be privileged based on geographical or population size.
Q15: Which East European countries were ruled by the communist parties in 1980s?
Answer: East European countries ruled by the communist parties in 1980s were:
1. Poland
2. Russia
3. Ukraine
4. Romania
5. Bulgaria
Q16: Here are three opinions heard in a television debate on the struggle for democracy in Nepal. Which of these do you agree with and why?
Guest 1: India is a democracy. Therefore, the Indian government must support the people of Nepal who are struggling against monarchy and for democracy.
Guest 2: That is a dangerous argument. We would be in the same position as the US was in Iraq. Remember, no outside force can promote democracy.
Guest 3: But why should we bother about the internal affairs of another country? We should be worried about our business interests there, not about democracy.
Answer: I agree with Statement made by Guest 1. India became a democratic republic after a long struggle for Independence. It values democratic principles and has been a promoter of peace and non-violence. By following democratic and non-violent approaches at international forum (e.g. public opinion, debates etc.) it can support people of Nepal restore democracy.
Q17(CBSE): Which one of the following is the best way to establish democracy in a country?
(a) Foreign aggression by a democratic country
(b) People’s struggle within their own country.
(c) Resolution by the U.N. General Assembly.
(d) Voluntary support by the majority of the people.
Answer: (d) Voluntary support by the majority of the people.
Q18: What reforms were carried out by Allende in Chile? How was it taken by opposition parties?
Answer: Allende as the president of Chile introduced a number of social reforms.
1. He took several policy decisions to help the poor and the workers.
2. He introduced reforms to the educational system.
3. He provided free milk for children and redistribution of land to the landless farmers.
4. He opposed to foreign companies taking away natural resources like copper from the country.
The rich, capitalists, the Church and the opposition parties were against his policies especially the distribution of land to landless farmers and his opposition towards foreign companies.
Q19: Why did USA support the military coup in Chile in 1973?
Answer: USA being a capitalist country was against the policies of socialist president Allende. They supported the military and the capitalists of Chile who were opposing Allende's social reforms.
Q20(CBSE 2010): A direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
(a) Plebiscite
(b) Referendum
(c) Recall
(d) Veto
Answer: (b) Referendum
(Note: Plebiscite also mean referendum, From NCERT book definition, the answer should be 'referendum')
Q21: What did Allende hope for in his last address?
Answer: During the coup, when a democratic government was toppled, Allende addressed to his nation. He hoped that Democracy would be restored and felony, cowardice and treason would be finally punished.
Q22: Why were women given voting rights much later than men in most countries? Why did this not happen in India?
Answer: Although the political struggle for democracy started in the nineteenth century and many European countries became democratic by the beginning of the twentieth century. At that time women were not given voting rights, because they were not being considered equal. Their political representation was given enough importance. They were granted rights much later than men. In India, this was not the case. The Constitution of India granted universal suffrage to all its citizens irrespective they belong to different gender or community or caste.
Q23: What was the 'voting rights' situation in the USA after she adopted the constitution? When was universal adult franchise granted there?
Answer: USA adopted the constitution in 1787, but here too the right to vote was limited to very few men. In 1965, after a long struggle, the universal adult franchise was granted to all citizens, including women and Afro-Americans.
Q24: ‘The disintegration of the Soviet Union accelerated the process of expansion of democracy.’ Give reasons.
Answer: After 1980, the disintegration of the Soviet Union accelerated the process of democracy.
1. The Soviet Union controlled several European countries and all of them were communist governments.
2. Poland and several other countries became free from the control of the Soviet Union during 1989-90. They chose to become democracies.
3. The Soviet Union comprised of 15 republics emerged as independent
democratic countries after the USSR broke down.
Q25: Who was Lech Walesa? How did he become famous in Poland?
Answer: Lech Walesa was a former electrician of Lenin Shipyard in the city of
Gdansk. He joined and led the strikers who
• demanded higher wages,
• right to form independent trade unions,
• the release of political prisoners and
• an end to censorship on the press.
Finally, the Polish government gave in and signed a 21-point agreement with Lech Walesa and his workers. A new trade union called Solidarity was formed under his leadership. General Jaruzeleski imposed martial law which led to another wave of strikes by Solidarity. Later in 1988, the union won elections with absolute majority and Walesa was elected as the president of Poland.
Q26(CBSE): How democratic is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?
Answer:
1. IMF a special agency affiliated with the United Nations has been one of the biggest moneylenders for any country in the world.
2. Its working is not fairly democratic because its 185 members do not have equal voting rights.
3. The vote of each country is weighted by how much money it has contributed to the IMF.
4. Since the top 10 developed countries have large contributions, they have a major say in IMF. These 10 countries have More than 54%of the voting power in the IMF.
5. While the remaining 175 countries have negligible participation in IMF policymaking. This is undemocratic.
Q27: What happened to democracy in Ghana?
Answer:
1. Ghana (earlier called Gold Coast), used to be a British Colony, got independent in 1957.
2. Kwame Nkrumah, son of a goldsmith and himself a teacher played an active role in the independence struggle.
3. After independence, he became first prime minister and then the president of Ghana.
4. Later he declared himself as elected president for life and established a dictatorship.
5. In 1966, he was overthrown by the military and Ghana couldn’t remain a democratic nation for long.
Q28: Which among the following was NOT the demand raised by striking workers in Poland?
(a) Right to form trade unions
(b) Release of Political Prisoners
(c) Stepping down of Communists
(d) End of censorship on the press.
Answer: (c) Stepping down of Communists
Q29: Who among the following had replaced Salvador Allende?
(a) General Augusto Pinochet
(b) General Jeruzelski
(c) Lech Walesa
(d) Michelle Bachelet
Answer: (a) General Augusto Pinochet
Important Study Points
1. The March of Democracy has met with setbacks and successes at some point of history.
2. In 1900 there have been only a few democratic states. After the Second World War, in 1950, more
countries were formed. The newly independent countries of Asia chose democracy. In 1975 colonies in Africa had become unbiased and a maximum of them chose democracy as a shape of government. A large bounce turned into taken in 1991. The fall of the Soviet Union created 15 new states and greater democracies.
3. Two Tales of Democracy
Many nations struggled for democracy, suffered setbacks. In Chile, the democratic authorities of Allende were overthrown in 1973, and Pinochet has become the military ruler. Democracy turned into restored once more in Chile in 1988.
In Poland, a non-democratic united states of America, a one-celebration rule was replaced by way of democracy underneath Lech Walesa.
4. Two Features of Democracy:
• Democracy, hence, is a form of government that allows people to choose their own leaders.
• People have the freedom to express their views, freedom to organise and freedom to protest against injustice.
5. Phases in the Expansion of Democracy
By 2005, one hundred forty international locations have held multi-birthday party elections. More than 80 nations have made advances toward democracy considering 1980.
Stills there are many nations wherein people can not decide on their leaders. In Myanmar, the elected chief Aung San Suu Kyi has been imprisoned with the aid of the navy rulers (1990). No amount of international help has helped in her release.
6. Democracy at Global Level
• Is it possible to have democracy at the global level? Not at present.
• The UN, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are global associations of the world. They attempt to maintain peace and security among the countries of the world. They give loans and money to governments.
• They are not fully democratic. Five countries — US, UK, France, China and Russia — have the veto power in the Security Council. The World Bank has a US President always and the International Monetary Fund is in the hands of seven powerful nations.
7. Promotion of Democracy
• Many powerful countries just like the United States of America trust that democracy ought to be promoted in the global — even by means of force.
• Powerful international locations have launched assaults on non-democratic countries.
• Iraq is the largest example. USA and its allies attacked and occupied Iraq without UN sanction, on the pretext of Iraq owning nuclear weapons. They have even held pressured elections.
• The urge for democracy ought to come from human beings and should no longer be imposed.
Q1: Which of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy?
(a) Struggle by the people
(b) Invasion by foreign countries
(c) End of colonialism
(d) People’s desire for freedom
Answer: (b) Invasion by foreign countries
Q2: Which of the following statement is true about today’s world?
(a) Monarchy as a form of government has vanished
(b) The relationship between different countries has become more democratic than ever before.
(c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people.
(d) There are no more military dictators in the world.
Answer: (c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people.
Q3: Use one of the following statements to complete the sentence:
Democracy in international organisations requires that …
(a) The rich countries should have a greater say.
(b) Countries should have a say according to their military power.
(c) Countries should be treated with respect in proportion to their population.
(d) All countries in the world should be treated equally.
Answer: (d) All countries in the world should be treated equally.
Q4: Based on the information given in this chapter, match the following countries and the path democracy has taken in that country.
COUNTRY PATH TO DEMOCRACY
a Chile i Freedom from British colonial rule
b Nepal ii End of military dictatorship
c Poland iii End of one-party rule
d Ghana iv King agreed to give up his powers
Answer: a-ii , b-iv, c-iii, d-i
Q5(CBSE 2010): Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) America became independent from British rule in 1776
(b) They adopted a democratic constitution in 1787
(c) Many countries in Europe gave the right to vote to only propertied people
(d) In the United States of America, all the citizens including Blacks were given the right to vote from the beginning.
Answer: (d) In the United States of America all the citizens including Blacks were given the right to vote from the beginning.
Q6: How many member states are there in the International Monetary Fund?
(a) 173
(b) 192
(c) 200
(d) 190
Answer: (a) 173
Q7(CBSE 2010): Which country among the following was the only country by 1900, where every citizen had the voting right?
OR
Q: Which one of the following countries was the first to grant "Universal Suffrage"?
(a) Australia
(b) New Zealand
(c) Poland
(d) USA
Answer: (b) New Zealand
Q8: Which country supported and controlled the autocratic government in Poland?
(a) USA
(b) China
(c) Russia
(d) UK
Answer: (c) Russia
Q9(CBSE 2010): Who was the leader of the Solidarity Movement in Poland?
(a) Michelle Bachelet
(b) Salvador Allende
(c) Lech Walesa
(d) Pinochet
Answer: (c) Lech Walesa
Q10: Why was the International Monetary Fund established?
(a) To maintain peace and security among the countries
(b) Lends money to governments of member nations when in need
(c) To implement and formulate trade agreements
(d) To take a decision regarding misery and poverty of western countries
Answer: (b) Lends money to governments of member nations when in need
Q11: Which one of the following countries is not a permanent member of UN Security Council?
(a) China
(b) France
(c) Japan
(d) Russia
Answer: (c) Japan
Q12: Which freedoms are usually taken away when a democracy is overthrown by the military?
Answer:
1. Political Freedom is lost. When democracy is overthrown by the military, the freedom to choose their leader is snatched away. E.g. In Chile and in Myanmar people could not elect their leaders due to military rule.
2. Civil Freedom is curtailed. There is no real freedom to express one’s opinions, form political associations and organise protests and political action.
3. Democratic and Constitutional (freedom)rights are lost. Anyone can be put in prison for trivial reasons.
Q 13: What are the difficulties people face in a non-democratic country? Give answers drawing from the examples given in this chapter.
Answer:
1. People cannot choose or change their rulers. E.g. In Chile, Myanmar people could not elect their leaders due to military rule.
2. There was is real freedom to express one’s opinions. There is fear that they can be arrested for any trivial matter. E.g. in Poland in 1980, it was prohibited to form another political party or association.
3. They cannot form political associations and organize protests and political action.
4. In general, non-democratic rulers, directly or indirectly, are controlled by the business elite who have vested interests. Economic development growth is arrested and socio-economic conditions of the poor people deteriorate.
Q 14: Which of the following positions can contribute to democracy at the global level? Give reasons for your answer in each case.
a. My country gives more money to international institutions. Therefore, I want to be treated with more respect and exercise more power.
b. My country may be small or poor. But my voice must be heard with equal respect because these decisions will affect my country.
c. Wealthy nations will have a greater say in international affairs. They cannot let their interests suffer just because they are outnumbered by poor nations.
d. Big countries like India must have a greater say in international organisations.
Answer:
(a) NO, it does not promote democracy. Democracy ensures equality irrespective the person or the country is rich or poor.
(b) Yes, the statement supports democracy. The basic objective of democracy is to provide equality and it should work the betterment for all sections of the society.
(c) No, it does not contribute to the spirit of democracy. Democracy ensures equal opportunities for both poor and rich. Otherwise, international policies will be governed by the rich countries.
(d) No, it does not support democracy fully. India being developing nation and the most populous state, represent the voice of the masses. Her opinions must be valued and heard at international arena, but any country should not be privileged based on geographical or population size.
Q15: Which East European countries were ruled by the communist parties in 1980s?
Answer: East European countries ruled by the communist parties in 1980s were:
1. Poland
2. Russia
3. Ukraine
4. Romania
5. Bulgaria
Q16: Here are three opinions heard in a television debate on the struggle for democracy in Nepal. Which of these do you agree with and why?
Guest 1: India is a democracy. Therefore, the Indian government must support the people of Nepal who are struggling against monarchy and for democracy.
Guest 2: That is a dangerous argument. We would be in the same position as the US was in Iraq. Remember, no outside force can promote democracy.
Guest 3: But why should we bother about the internal affairs of another country? We should be worried about our business interests there, not about democracy.
Answer: I agree with Statement made by Guest 1. India became a democratic republic after a long struggle for Independence. It values democratic principles and has been a promoter of peace and non-violence. By following democratic and non-violent approaches at international forum (e.g. public opinion, debates etc.) it can support people of Nepal restore democracy.
Q17(CBSE): Which one of the following is the best way to establish democracy in a country?
(a) Foreign aggression by a democratic country
(b) People’s struggle within their own country.
(c) Resolution by the U.N. General Assembly.
(d) Voluntary support by the majority of the people.
Answer: (d) Voluntary support by the majority of the people.
Q18: What reforms were carried out by Allende in Chile? How was it taken by opposition parties?
Answer: Allende as the president of Chile introduced a number of social reforms.
1. He took several policy decisions to help the poor and the workers.
2. He introduced reforms to the educational system.
3. He provided free milk for children and redistribution of land to the landless farmers.
4. He opposed to foreign companies taking away natural resources like copper from the country.
The rich, capitalists, the Church and the opposition parties were against his policies especially the distribution of land to landless farmers and his opposition towards foreign companies.
Q19: Why did USA support the military coup in Chile in 1973?
Answer: USA being a capitalist country was against the policies of socialist president Allende. They supported the military and the capitalists of Chile who were opposing Allende's social reforms.
Q20(CBSE 2010): A direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
(a) Plebiscite
(b) Referendum
(c) Recall
(d) Veto
Answer: (b) Referendum
(Note: Plebiscite also mean referendum, From NCERT book definition, the answer should be 'referendum')
Q21: What did Allende hope for in his last address?
Answer: During the coup, when a democratic government was toppled, Allende addressed to his nation. He hoped that Democracy would be restored and felony, cowardice and treason would be finally punished.
Q22: Why were women given voting rights much later than men in most countries? Why did this not happen in India?
Answer: Although the political struggle for democracy started in the nineteenth century and many European countries became democratic by the beginning of the twentieth century. At that time women were not given voting rights, because they were not being considered equal. Their political representation was given enough importance. They were granted rights much later than men. In India, this was not the case. The Constitution of India granted universal suffrage to all its citizens irrespective they belong to different gender or community or caste.
Q23: What was the 'voting rights' situation in the USA after she adopted the constitution? When was universal adult franchise granted there?
Answer: USA adopted the constitution in 1787, but here too the right to vote was limited to very few men. In 1965, after a long struggle, the universal adult franchise was granted to all citizens, including women and Afro-Americans.
Q24: ‘The disintegration of the Soviet Union accelerated the process of expansion of democracy.’ Give reasons.
Answer: After 1980, the disintegration of the Soviet Union accelerated the process of democracy.
1. The Soviet Union controlled several European countries and all of them were communist governments.
2. Poland and several other countries became free from the control of the Soviet Union during 1989-90. They chose to become democracies.
3. The Soviet Union comprised of 15 republics emerged as independent
democratic countries after the USSR broke down.
Q25: Who was Lech Walesa? How did he become famous in Poland?
Answer: Lech Walesa was a former electrician of Lenin Shipyard in the city of
Gdansk. He joined and led the strikers who
• demanded higher wages,
• right to form independent trade unions,
• the release of political prisoners and
• an end to censorship on the press.
Finally, the Polish government gave in and signed a 21-point agreement with Lech Walesa and his workers. A new trade union called Solidarity was formed under his leadership. General Jaruzeleski imposed martial law which led to another wave of strikes by Solidarity. Later in 1988, the union won elections with absolute majority and Walesa was elected as the president of Poland.
Q26(CBSE): How democratic is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?
Answer:
1. IMF a special agency affiliated with the United Nations has been one of the biggest moneylenders for any country in the world.
2. Its working is not fairly democratic because its 185 members do not have equal voting rights.
3. The vote of each country is weighted by how much money it has contributed to the IMF.
4. Since the top 10 developed countries have large contributions, they have a major say in IMF. These 10 countries have More than 54%of the voting power in the IMF.
5. While the remaining 175 countries have negligible participation in IMF policymaking. This is undemocratic.
Q27: What happened to democracy in Ghana?
Answer:
1. Ghana (earlier called Gold Coast), used to be a British Colony, got independent in 1957.
2. Kwame Nkrumah, son of a goldsmith and himself a teacher played an active role in the independence struggle.
3. After independence, he became first prime minister and then the president of Ghana.
4. Later he declared himself as elected president for life and established a dictatorship.
5. In 1966, he was overthrown by the military and Ghana couldn’t remain a democratic nation for long.
Q28: Which among the following was NOT the demand raised by striking workers in Poland?
(a) Right to form trade unions
(b) Release of Political Prisoners
(c) Stepping down of Communists
(d) End of censorship on the press.
Answer: (c) Stepping down of Communists
Q29: Who among the following had replaced Salvador Allende?
(a) General Augusto Pinochet
(b) General Jeruzelski
(c) Lech Walesa
(d) Michelle Bachelet
Answer: (a) General Augusto Pinochet
Important Study Points
1. The March of Democracy has met with setbacks and successes at some point of history.
2. In 1900 there have been only a few democratic states. After the Second World War, in 1950, more
countries were formed. The newly independent countries of Asia chose democracy. In 1975 colonies in Africa had become unbiased and a maximum of them chose democracy as a shape of government. A large bounce turned into taken in 1991. The fall of the Soviet Union created 15 new states and greater democracies.
3. Two Tales of Democracy
Many nations struggled for democracy, suffered setbacks. In Chile, the democratic authorities of Allende were overthrown in 1973, and Pinochet has become the military ruler. Democracy turned into restored once more in Chile in 1988.
In Poland, a non-democratic united states of America, a one-celebration rule was replaced by way of democracy underneath Lech Walesa.
4. Two Features of Democracy:
• Democracy, hence, is a form of government that allows people to choose their own leaders.
• People have the freedom to express their views, freedom to organise and freedom to protest against injustice.
5. Phases in the Expansion of Democracy
By 2005, one hundred forty international locations have held multi-birthday party elections. More than 80 nations have made advances toward democracy considering 1980.
Stills there are many nations wherein people can not decide on their leaders. In Myanmar, the elected chief Aung San Suu Kyi has been imprisoned with the aid of the navy rulers (1990). No amount of international help has helped in her release.
6. Democracy at Global Level
• Is it possible to have democracy at the global level? Not at present.
• The UN, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are global associations of the world. They attempt to maintain peace and security among the countries of the world. They give loans and money to governments.
• They are not fully democratic. Five countries — US, UK, France, China and Russia — have the veto power in the Security Council. The World Bank has a US President always and the International Monetary Fund is in the hands of seven powerful nations.
7. Promotion of Democracy
• Many powerful countries just like the United States of America trust that democracy ought to be promoted in the global — even by means of force.
• Powerful international locations have launched assaults on non-democratic countries.
• Iraq is the largest example. USA and its allies attacked and occupied Iraq without UN sanction, on the pretext of Iraq owning nuclear weapons. They have even held pressured elections.
• The urge for democracy ought to come from human beings and should no longer be imposed.
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