CBSE Notes Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 - Manufacturing Industries

Manufacturing Industries Notes
1. Importance of Manufacturing :
A. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development because-
Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
Helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty.
Helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
Exports of manufactured goods expand trade and commerce and bring much-needed foreign exchange.
India should convert its raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods to prosper.
B. Agriculture and Industry go hand-in-hand. For example, in agro-industries, agriculture helps industries by providing raw materials and industries provide products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
C. We can compete with international markets if our manufactured products are at par in quality with international products.

2. Contribution of Industry to National Economy:
The desired growth rate for the industry is 12 per cent in the coming decade. The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objective. Government Policy interventions and renewed efforts by the industry for productivity will help manufacturing achieve its desired growth rate.

3. Industrial Location:
Industries are not found everywhere. They are located at certain places only where they get favourable conditions to thrive. Industrial Location is governed mainly by the following factors:
Raw Materials
Source of Energy
Source of Water
Availability of Capital and Finance
Demand in Market
Skilled Labourers and Workers
Banking and Insurance
Transport and Communication
Many industries come together in urban centres to make use of the advantages. These are known as “agglomeration economies”.

4. Types or Classification of Manufacturing Industries:
A] based on Raw Materials:
1. Agro-Based: Those industries where raw materials come from agriculture, e.g. Cotton, Woolen, Jute, Silk Textiles, Sugar, Tea, Edible Oil
2. Mineral Based: Those industries where minerals are used as raw materials, e.g. Iron & Steel, Cement, Aluminum, Machine Tools etc.
B] based on their Main Role:
1. Basic Industries: Those industries which provide raw material to other industries are called basic industries. These industries help the development of other industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper and Aluminum Smelting
2. Consumer Industries: Those industries which produce goods for consumers are called consumer industries. Finished goods of these industries are directly sold in the market for consumers, e.g. Sugar, Toothpaste, Soap, Bread, Paper etc.
C] based on Capital Investment:
1. Small Scale Industries: Those industries where the investment of capital is less than Rupees one crore are called small scale industries, e.g. Mat, Furniture, Toys, Bread, Tools etc.
2. Large Scale Industries: Those industries where the investment of capital is more than Rupees one crore are called large scale industries, e.g. Iron & Steel, Petrochemicals, Cotton Textiles etc.
D] based on Ownership:
1. Public Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by Govt. e.g. BHEL, SAIL, IISCO
2. Private Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by individual or group of individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., etc.
3. Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by Govt. and a group of individuals. It is a mixture of the public and private sector, e.g. Oil India Ltd. [OIL].
4. Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by the supplier of raw materials and workers of the industries, e.g. Sugar industries in Maharashtra, Coir industries in Kerala.
E] based on Finished Goods [Output]:
1. Heavy Industries: Those industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials and produce heavy goods in large quantity are called heavy industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper Smelting.
2. Light Industries: Those industries which use light and small raw materials and produce light goods are called light industries, e.g. Electrical, Toys, Tools, Utensils etc.

5. Agro-Based Industries:
a. Cotton Textile Industry:
It is an agro-based and the oldest industry in India.
The first cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai.
At present, it the largest industry in our country. There are about 1600 cotton textile mills in our country. Cotton textile mills are mainly concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to favourable conditions. Important centres are Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot etc. Other centres are Agra, Kanpur, Hugli, Chennai, Madurai etc.
Cotton textile is produced by three methods in India: a) Handloom, b) Power-looms and c) Mills
The cotton textile industry involves ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, tailoring and packaging to produce readymade garments.
India exports yarn and readymade garments to the USA, Japan, UK, France, Nepal, Sri Lanka etc.
Cotton textile industries are facing many problems such as a) scarcity of good quality cotton, b) main cotton growing area went to Pakistan, c) old machinery, d) erratic power supply, e) low productivity of labour, f) tough competition from synthetic fibres.
b. Jute Textiles and its problems:
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. There are about 70 jute mills in our country.
The first jute mill was set up in Rishra [Kolkata] in 1859.
Most of the jute mills are located along the Hugli River in West Bengal due to favourable conditions. Jute is used in making rope, bags, carpets etc. Bihar, UP, Assam and Tripura also have jute mills.
Jute industries are facing problems like a) main jute producing area went to Bangladesh, b) high production cost, c) declining demand of jute in the international market, d) tough competition from synthetic fibre industry.
Jute industries are located mainly along the Hooghly River because:
There are 69 jute mills located in a 2 km broad belt along Hooghly River.
This area provides many favourable conditions required for this industry.
a) Raw jute is available for West Bengal. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute.
b) Coal for energy is brought from nearby Raniganj Coalfields.
c) Hooghly River provides water for washing and cleaning jute.
d) Warm and humid climate is very favourable for the cultivation of jute.
e) Kolkata is a metro city that provides capital and market.
f) Hooghly River also provides cheap water transport.
c. Sugar industry:
Earlier UP and Bihar were the main producers of sugarcane. Therefore, most of the sugar mills were located in these two states only. But now, sugar mills are shifting towards Maharashtra and Karnataka because:
a) Per hectare production of sugarcane is higher in southern India. Black soil is quite suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane.
b) Sucrose content in the sugarcane is higher in Maharashtra and Karnataka. It means more sugar can be produced for less sugarcane.
c) Mills and machines are new in southern states. New and modern machines increase productivity.
d) Crushing season for sugarcane is longer in southern states.
e) Cooperative sugar mills are running successfully in southern states.

6. Mineral-Based Industries:
a. Iron & Steel Industry and its problems:
This industry is called a basic industry because it provides raw material to many other industries such as machine tools, transport equipment, construction material etc.
It is also called heavy industry because raw materials [iron ore, coal, limestone] are bulky.
Iron ore mixed with limestone is smelted in the blast furnace using coking coal to produce pig iron. The ratio of iron ore, limestone and coking coal used in 4:2:1. Pig iron is mixed with manganese, chromium and nickel which make it stronger steel.
Most of the steel plants are located in the Chotanagpur region due to their favourable conditions.
Important integrated steel plants are Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Bhilai, Burnpur etc.
India produces about 33 million tons of steel every year even though per capita consumption of steel is very low, i.e. 32 kg. It is low because India has low economic and industrial development.
Today steel industries in India are facing many problems: a) High cost of production, b) Limited availability of coking coal, c) Low productivity of labour, d) Irregular supply of energy, e) Raw materials are found in a certain pocket of India only, f) Poor infrastructure like transport and communication etc.
b. Aluminium Smelting:
It is the second most popular metallurgical industry in India
The raw material used is a bulky dark reddish rock known as bauxite.
It is light, corrosion-resistant and a good conductor of heat and is malleable.
It becomes stronger when mixed with other metals.
It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
Major sources are located in Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala, UP, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
c. Chemical Industry:
Contributes approximately 3 per cent of annual GDP.
In terms of size, it is the third-largest industry in Asia and the twelfth largest in the world.
Organic and inorganic sectors of the industry are rapidly growing. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash, caustic soda, etc.
d. Fertiliser Industry:
India is the third-largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers.
The fertiliser industry is centred around nitrogenous fertilisers, phosphatic fertilisers, ammonium phosphate, and complex fertilisers. Complex fertilisers have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K). Potash is entirely imported because India does not have any reserves of commercially viable potash or potassium compounds.

7. Cement Industry:
The cement industry requires bulky raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
There are many cement plants in Gujarat because of the proximity to ports.
There are 128 large and 323 mini cement plants in India.
Quality improvement has found the Indian cement a readily available market in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia. This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as export.

8. Automobile Industry:
After liberalisation, many automobile manufacturers set their base in India.
At present, there are 15 manufacturers of cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 commercial vehicles, 14 of two and three-wheelers.
Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, Bangalore, Sanand, Pantnagar, etc. are the major centres of the automobile industry. IX Information Technology and Electronics Industry:
Bangalore has often termed the electronic capital of India. Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore are the other important centres. There are 18 software technology parks in the country and they provide single window service and high data communication to software experts.
This industry had generated a large number of employees. Up to 31 March 2005, over one million persons were employed in the IT industry. Because of the fast growth of BPO (Business Process Outsourcing); this sector has been a major earner of foreign exchange.

9. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation:
a) Air pollution is caused by the emission of CO2, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide etc. Chimneys of the industries produce heat leading to Global Warming and Green House Effect. The use of CFC in various industrial products depletes the ozone layer which filters ultraviolet rays of the sun.
b) Dumping of organic and inorganic industrial waste into water bodies pollutes the water. Industries which produce paper, pulp, chemical, leather, acids, dyes, fertilizers etc generate lots of toxic waste which kills the aquatic life.
c) High-intensity sound generated by running machines, sirens, drilling, fans etc leads to noise pollution. It causes irritation, hearing impairment, heart attack etc. among the nearby residents.
d) Mining activity to get raw material for industries also degrades the environment. Land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, water logging etc. are the results of mining activities.

10. Measurement [Methods] for Controlling Environmental Pollution and Degradation:
a) Industries should be located with careful planning and better design.
b) Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of coal.
c) Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels.
d) Modern equipment should be used which controls, filters and separates harmful materials from the waste.
e) Wastewater should be properly treated before discharging into rivers.
f) Landfilling method should be adopted for the dumping of waste.
g) Polluting industries should be located away from towns and cities.
Evaluation questions
1 What is manufacturing?
- Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products, is called manufacturing.

2 Name any three physical factors that affect the location of the industry.
The three factors are
a. Availability of raw materials.
b. Power resources
c. Favourable climate.

3. three human inputs that control the location of industries.
Human inputs that control the location of industries are:
1. Labour,
2. Market and
3. Transport facilities.

4. Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?
Limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum are the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.

5. How do industries pollute the environment?
- Industries have increased pollution and degraded the environment. Industries create four types of pollution mainly air, water, land and noise.
The smoke emitted by the industry pollutes the air and water immensely. Air pollution is caused by the presence of a higher proportion of undesirable gases such as carbon monoxide and sulphur oxide. The Source of water pollution is numerous. Most important is the industrial effluent that discharges into rivers. They are both organic and inorganic. They pollute the water. Unwanted loud noise is also pollution. It arises from industries and the different means of transport. Noise causes impairment to hear.

6. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry?
Minimizing water use for processing by reusing and recycling it is done in two or more successive stages.
(i) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(ii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases:
(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means.
This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process.
(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves the recycling of wastewater. 

* TextBook Exercises Page No. – 79

1. Multiple choice questions.
(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material.
a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c ) Sugar (d) Jute
Answer: (b) Cement

(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c ) TATA Steel (d) MNCC
Answer: (b) SAIL

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c ) Jute (d) Steel
Answer: (a) Aluminium

(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc?
a) Steel (b) Electronic (c ) Aluminium (d) Information Technology
Answer: (b) Electronic

2. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.
(i) What is manufacturing?
Answer:
Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. For e.g.,- paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite.

(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
Answer:
Three physical factors for the location of the industry are:
• Availability of raw materials
• Closeness to market
• Availability of power
For e.g., – Jute textile industry is concentrated in West Bengal as the jute producing areas lie in the Hugli basin and there is cheap water transport for transportation and for processing of jute.

(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry
Answer:
Three human factors for the location of an industry are:
• Labour
• Capital
• Closeness to cities
For e.g., – Jute textile industry in West Bengal gets cheap labour from the adjoining states, and Kolkata is a large urban centre for banking, insurance and port facilities.

(iv) What are the basic industries? Give an example.
Answer:
Basic or key industries are the industries that supply their product or raw materials to manufacture other goods.
Example – Iron and steel industries provide iron and steel to other industries as the raw material.

(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?
Answer:
Important raw materials used in the manufacture of cement are:
• Limestone
• Silica
• Alumina
• Gypsum

3. Write the answers to the following questions in 120 words.
(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
Answer:
Integrated steel plants are large and handle everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.
Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
The challenges faced by the steel industry are:
• High cost and limited availability of coking coal
• Lower productivity of labour
• Irregular supply of energy
• Poor infrastructure
• Recent developments such as liberalisation and foreign direct investment (FDI) have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?
Answer:
Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:
• Air
• Water
• Land
• Noise
Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide and airborne particulate matter.
Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes, and effluents discharged into water bodies. Paper, refineries and tanneries are the main culprits.
Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of waste makes the soil useless for agricultural activities. The pollutants then reach the groundwater through the soil and contaminate it.
Noise pollution is caused by industrial machinery and construction activities.

(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry.
Answer:
The steps that can be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industries are:
• Adopting the latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment to improve energy efficiency.
• Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
• Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smokestacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
• Using silencers for noise generating equipment.
• Minimising water usage by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
• Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
• Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases:
• Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
• Secondary treatment by biological process
• Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves the recycling of wastewater.



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