CBSE Notes Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 7 - Lifelines of National Economy - Notes
👉 Transport
Movement of goods and services can be over three important domains of our earth i.e. land, water and air. Based on these, transport can also be classified into the land, water and air transport. Let’s discuss them in detail:
Movement of goods and services can be over three important domains of our earth i.e. land, water and air. Based on these, transport can also be classified into the land, water and air transport. Let’s discuss them in detail:
👉 Roadways
India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 54.7 lakh km. The growing importance of road transport over rail transport is mentioned below:
i. The construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
ii. Roads can cover more geographically harder locations that cannot be done by the railways.
iii. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and can be easily built-in traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.
iv. Road transport is economical.
v. It also provides door-to-door service
vi. Road transport provides links between railway stations, air and seaports.
India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 54.7 lakh km. The growing importance of road transport over rail transport is mentioned below:
i. The construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
ii. Roads can cover more geographically harder locations that cannot be done by the railways.
iii. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and can be easily built-in traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.
iv. Road transport is economical.
v. It also provides door-to-door service
vi. Road transport provides links between railway stations, air and seaports.
In India, roads are classified into the following six classes according to their capacity.
* Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
Golden Quadrilateral is a network of Highways connecting India’s four top metropolitan cities, namely Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai. These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
* National Highways
The National highways are a network of trunk roads that are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The historical Sher-Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No.1, between Delhi and Amritsar.
* State Highways
Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD).
* District Roads
These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
* Other Roads
Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.
* Border Roads
Border Roads Organisation constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of roads of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas.
Roads can also be classified on the basis of the type of material used for their construction such as:
Metalled roads may be made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal. These are all-weather roads.
Unmetalled roads go out of use in the rainy season.
Metalled roads may be made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal. These are all-weather roads.
Unmetalled roads go out of use in the rainy season.
👉 Railways
Railways are the principal mode of transportation for carrying huge loads and bulky goods for long and short distances in India. Railways have become more important in India’s economy. However, rail transport suffers from certain problems as well, which are mentioned below:
i. Construction of bridges is required across rivers’ wide beds for lying down the railway lines.
ii. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels.
iii. The Himalayan mountainous regions are also unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to the highest elevation points in the surface, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.
iv. It is difficult to lay railway lines on sandy plains.
Railways are the principal mode of transportation for carrying huge loads and bulky goods for long and short distances in India. Railways have become more important in India’s economy. However, rail transport suffers from certain problems as well, which are mentioned below:
i. Construction of bridges is required across rivers’ wide beds for lying down the railway lines.
ii. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels.
iii. The Himalayan mountainous regions are also unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to the highest elevation points in the surface, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.
iv. It is difficult to lay railway lines on sandy plains.
👉 Pipelines
Pipeline network uses pipes, usually underground, to transport and distribute fluids. These are used to transport water, crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
There are 3 important networks of pipeline transportation in the country.
1. From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab
3. From Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh
1. From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab
3. From Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh
👉 Waterways
Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment-friendly mode of transport.
The National Waterways in India are:
* N.W. No.1 – The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km).
* N.W. No.2 – The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km).
* N.W. No.3 – The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Kollam, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km).
* N.W. No.4 – Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals (1078 km).
* N.W. No.5 – Specified stretches of river Brahmani along with Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast Canal (588 km).
Inland waterways in India are Mandavi, Zuari and Cumberjua, Sunderbans, Barak and backwaters of Kerala through which transportation takes place.
👉 Major Sea Ports
India’s trade with foreign countries is carried from the ports. There are 2 major and 200 notified non-majors (minor/intermediate) ports in India.
* With a long coastline of 7,516.6 km, India is dotted with 12 major and 181 medium and minor ports. Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port developed soon after Independence.
* Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour.
* Marmagao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country. New Mangalore port, located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines. Kochi is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour
Here is the list of major ports in India:
1. Kandla in Kachchh was the first port to be developed after independence. It is also known as the Deendayal Port.
2. Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour.
3. Marmagao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of India.
4. Mangalore port, located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore.
5. Kochi is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon.
6. Tuticorin port is situated at the extreme southeast.
7. Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports in India.
8. Visakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port
9. Paradip port located in Odisha, specialises in the export of iron ore.
10. Kolkata is an inland riverine port.
11. Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.
👉 Airways
* It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease.
* Air transport was nationalised in 1953.
* Air India provides international air services.
* Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd. provides helicopter services to the Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its offshore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal.
👉 Communication
* Personal communication and mass communication including television, radio, press, films, etc. are the major means of communication in the country.
* The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. Cards and envelopes are
considered first-class mail.
* The second–class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals.
* To facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities, six mail channels have been introduced recently.
* They are called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel. India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia.
👉International Trade
The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade. Trade between the two countries is called international trade. It is considered the economic barometer for a country. Export and import are the components of the trade. The balance of trade of a country is the difference between its export and import.
When the value of export exceeds the value of imports, it is called a favourable balance of trade.
If the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as an unfavourable balance of trade.
The commodities exported from India to other countries include gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products, agriculture and allied products, etc.
The commodities imported to India include petroleum crude and products, gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products, base metals, electronic items, machinery, agriculture and allied products.
👉Tourism as a Trade
More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism in India:
* Promotes national integration
* Provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits
* Helps in the development of international understanding of Indian culture and heritage. Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
* TextBook Exercises Page No. – 92
1. Multiple choice questions.
A.Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east-west corridor?
a) Mumbai and Nagpur
b) Silcher and Purbandar
c) Mumbai and Kolkata
d) Nagpur and Siligudi
Answer: (b) Silcher and Purbander
B. Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?
a) Railways
b) Roadways
c) Pipelines
d) Waterways
Answer: (c) Pipelines
C. Which one of the following states is not connected with the H.V.J. pipeline?
a) Madhya Pradesh
b) Maharashtra
c) Gujarat
d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer: (b) Maharashtra
D. Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and well-protected port along the east coast?
a) Chennai
b) Paradip
c) Tuticorin
d) Vishakhapatnam
Answer: (d) Vishakhapatnam
E. Which one of the following is the most important mode of transportation in India?
a) Pipeline
b) Railways
c) Roadways
d) Airways
Answer: (b) Railways
F. Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or more countries?
a) Internal trade
b) International trade
c) External trade
d) Local trade
Answer: (b) International Trade
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
a.State any three merits of roadways.
Answer:
Three merits of roadways are:
● The construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines
● Road transport is economical in the transportation of few persons and a relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances
● Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
b. Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transportation?
Answer:
Rail transport is the most convenient means of transportation in the northern plains as there are level stretches of land with high population density and rich agricultural resources.
c. What is the significance of the border roads?
Answer:
Border roads are of strategic importance and these roads in the bordering areas of the country have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.
d. What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?
Answer:
The exchange of goods among people, states and countries are referred to as a trade.
Trade between countries is called international trade.
Local trade is carried out within cities, towns and villages of a country.
3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
a. Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation and its economy?
Answer:
The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy because they are the pre-requisites for fast development. Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, cinema, television and internet etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways.
Along with trade, these different means of transport and communication have enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life.
b.Write a note on the changing nature of international trade in the last fifteen years.
Answer:
Trade between countries is known as international trade. International trade has undergone a vast change in the last fifteen years. Exchange of goods and commodities have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge. For e.g., – India has emerged as a software giant at the international level, and it is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.
International trade also depends on the relationship between the countries and other external factors like duties and tariffs on the transportation of goods. In the last fifteen years, different trade blocks have emerged which have changed how international trade was conducted previously.
PSC Solved Question Papers ---> Click here
PSC EXAM PROGRAMME -> Click here
CURRENT AFFAIRS QUESTIONS -> Click here
PSC Degree Level Questions & Answers - Click here
PSC LDC/LGS Questions & Answers - Click here
PSC RANK LISTS / SHORTLISTS -> Click here
0 Comments