Kerala Syllabus STD 8 Social Science: Chapter 01 Invasions and Resistance - Questions and Answers | Teaching Manual | Teachers Handbook


Study Notes for Class 8 Social Science (English Medium) അധിനിവേശവും ചെറുത്തുനിൽപ്പും | Text Books Solution Social Science (English Medium) Chapter 01 Invasions and Resistance | Teaching Manual & Teachers Handbook 

പഠന സഹായികൾ അയക്കാൻ താല്പര്യമുള്ളവർ ഈ നമ്പറിൽ വാട്സാപ്പ് ചെയ്യുക: 9497346250. പുതിയ അപ്‌ഡേറ്റുകൾക്കായി ഞങ്ങളുടെ WhatsApp -ലോ Telegram - ചാനലിലോ ജോയിൻ ചെയ്യുക.

ഈ ബ്ലോഗ് അഡ്‌മിൻറെ രേഖാമൂലമുള്ള അനുമതിയില്ലാതെ ബ്ലോഗിൽ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്ന ചോദ്യോത്തരങ്ങൾ, ഇതേരീതിയിലോ പി.ഡി.എഫ് രൂപത്തിലോ, മറ്റേതെങ്കിലും ഡിജിറ്റലോ, പ്രിന്റഡ് ഉൾപ്പെടെയുള്ള ഏതെങ്കിലും രൂപങ്ങളിലേക്കോ മാറ്റി മറ്റൊരു വെബ്സൈറ്റിലോ, ബ്ലോഗിലോ, യുട്യൂബ്, സോഷ്യൽ മീഡിയാ ഗ്രൂപ്പുകളിലോ ഉൾപ്പെടെ ഒരിടത്തും പ്രചരിപ്പിക്കാൻ പാടില്ലാത്തതാകുന്നു.


Chapter 01: Invasions and Resistance - Questions and Answers & Model Questions
♦ What were the reasons that led to the discovery of an eastward sea route from Europe by the end of the fifteenth century?
• technological advances in European shipbuilding and sailing
• growth in knowledge about geography
• advances made in compass and map-making
• Travel writings by voyagers provided knowledge about new territories and their wealth
• the commercial market for Asian products like pepper in Europe
• Conquest of Constantinople by the Turks

♦ Who were the first Europeans to reach India by sea?
The Portuguese

♦ Who was the first person from Portugal to reach India by sea?
Vasco da Gama

♦ Name the starting point of Vasco da Gama's voyage.
Lisbon

♦ Which place was Vasco da Gama's arrival in? Which year?
• Kappad near Kozhikode
• In 1498

♦ Name the oceans and continents Vasco da Gama traversed?
• Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean
• Europe,  Africa,  Asia

♦ What was the Zamorin's response to Vasco da Gama's trade attempts in Kozhikode, and what did he do as a result?
The Zamorin did not accept the demand of the Portuguese to expel the Arabs and grant them exclusive trading rights. As a result, Vasco da Gama obtained trade permission from the Kolathiri King of Kannur.

♦ Which led to the conflicts between the Zamorin and the Portuguese?
The Zamorin did not give the Portuguese a monopoly in trade. 

♦ The profit generated in this journey encouraged the Portuguese to make similar commercial trips to India. Justify
Vasco da Gama returned home with goods worth sixty times more than the cost of his journey. This encouraged the Portuguese to make similar commercial trips to India.

♦ Who were the naval chiefs of the Zamorin?
The Kunjali Marakkars

♦ Find out and list the impact of Portuguese contact in India in different areas.
• Cashew tree (parangi mavu), papaya, guava (perakka) and pineapple were introduced.
• The first European Fort in India (Fort Manuel), was established in Kochi
• The regions of Kochi, Goa, and Daman and Diu came under the rule of the Portuguese
• Printing technology was popularised
• Art forms such as Chavittunatakam and Margamkali were popularised
• European style of construction was started
• Training was given in war tactics and European weapons
• Christian religious education centres were started
♦ Find out and list the impact of Portuguese contact in India in different areas.
1. Political field:
• The first European Fort in India (Fort Manuel), was established in Kochi
• The regions of Kochi, Goa, and Daman and Diu came under the rule of the Portuguese
2. Agriculture sector:
• Cashew tree (parangi mavu), papaya, guava (perakka) and pineapple were introduced.
3. Knowledge sector:
• Printing technology was popularised
• Training was given in war tactics and European weapons
• Christian religious education centres were started
4. Cultural sector:
• Art forms such as Chavittunatakam and Margamkali were popularised
• European style of construction was started

♦ Name the Europeans who came to India after the Portuguese were from? Holland  (Netherlands). They are also known as the Dutch.

♦ What were the major trading centres of the Dutch in India?
Nagapattinam, Bharuch, Ahmedabad and Chinsura

♦ Name the war in which the Dutch lost their supremacy in India? 
OR
Name the first battle in which a European power lost to an Indian ruler?
• Battle of Colachel( Colachel War )
• In 1741, Marthandavarma, who ruled Travancore, clashed with the Dutch at Colachel

♦ The greatest contribution of the relationship with the Dutch is the work Hortus Malabaricus. Justify
• Information about seven hundred and forty-two medicinal plants of Kerala is presented in this book.
• Hendrik van Rheed, the Dutch governor, was the compiler of this work
• Itti Achuthan, an indigenous  medical practitioner, helped him in this
composition
• Appu Bhat, Ranga Bhat and Vinayaka Bhat also contributed to the
composition
• Hortus Malabaricus was the first book to be printed with some Malayalam
words.
• This work was translated into Malayalam and English by Dr. K. S. Manilal.

♦ Write a short note on the Carnatic Wars.
• The wars fought between the British and the French for dominance in South India are known as the Carnatic Wars. 
• The British Won in this decisive war.
• As a result, French dominance was reduced to Pondicherry(Pudhucherry),
Yanam,Karaikal and Mahe.

♦ Tabulate the major centres under the control of the Portuguese, Dutch and French.
Portuguese occupied territories Dutch occupied territoriesFrench occupied territories
• Kochi• Nagapattinam• Pondicherry
• Daman• Ahmedabad• Mahe
• Diu• Baruch• Yanam
• Goa• Chinsura• Karaikal
♦ When was the English East India Company established?
The English East India Company was established by the British in 1600

♦ How did the English East India Company attain dominance in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta and interfere in the administration of these territories?
• The representative of the company, Captain William Hawkins, obtained
permission from the then-Mughal Emperor Jahangir to set up a factory in Surat, Gujarat.
• The company then started factories in different parts of India.
• After gaining dominance in Madras (Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata), the Company began to interfere in the administration of these territories.

♦ Write a short on the Battle of Plassey?
• The British established political dominance in India with the Battle of Plassey in 1757.
• The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, was defeated in this battle by the forces of the East India Company led by Robert Clive.
• The conquest of Bengal helped the British to bring other parts of India under their control.
• Land taxes in agriculturally rich Bengal helped the British build up their
military power and raise money to conquer the rest of the country. 

♦ Which war was crucial for the British to establish political dominance in India? 
Battle of Plassey in 1757.

♦ Write a short on the Battle of Buxar
• With the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the right to collect taxes in the provinces of Bihar, Bengal and Orissa.
• With that, the East India Company's administrative presence in India became stronger.
• The British defeated the combined forces of the Mughal ruler Shah Alam II, the Nawab of Oudh, Shuja-ud-Daulah and the Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim, in this battle.
♦ Arrange the chronological order
• The Battle of Plassey
• The Battle of Buxar
• The arrival of Vasco da Gama in Calicut
• The arrival of the French in India
Answer:
• 1498 - The arrival of Vasco da Gama in Calicut
• 1664 - The arrival of the French in India
• 1741 - The Battle of Colachel
• 1757 - The Battle of Plassey
• 1764 - The Battle of Buxar

♦ "Send me two thousand soldiers, I will conquer India"- Robert Clive
Why did he comment like this?
• disunity among Indian princely states
• military and technological supremacy of the British

♦ Write a short note on the Anglo-Mysore Wars
• Fought between the southern princely state of Mysore and the English East India Company.
• The Mysore army was led by Hyder Ali, who was the ruler of Mysore and his son Tipu Sultan.
• The Company army and the Mysore Sultans clashed four times. 
• After Hyder Ali died in 1782, Tipu Sultan commanded the Mysore forces.
• In the Fourth Mysore War of 1799, Mysore fell when Tipu Sultan was killed by the Company forces.

♦ Write a short note on the Anglo-Maratha Wars and the Anglo-Sikh Wars
• Fought between the English East India Company and the Maratha Kingdom.
• With the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Maratha territories came under British control.
• With the defeat of the Sikhs in the Anglo-Sikh Wars between the English East India Company and the Sikhs, Punjab came under British rule.

♦ What was the result of the Third Anglo-Maratha War?
Maratha territories came under British control.

♦ Which territory did the British conquer as a result of the Anglo-Sikh Wars?
Punjab

♦ Prepare a flowchart of the main events of the English East India Company's dominance in India and display it in the class.

♦ What were the Tax Policies Implemented by the British in various regions of India?
• Permanent Land Revenue Settlement (1793): Bengal, Bihar, Orissa
• Ryotwari System (1820): South India, Deccan
• Mahalwari System (1822): North India, Central India, Punjab

♦ What were the methods adopted by the British to procure maximum wealth from the conquered territories of India?
Trade, tax collection and wars.

♦ Who implemented the Permanent Land Revenue Settlement? What were the features of this tax system?
• Lord Cornwallis 
• The Zamindars, who were the landlords, collected high taxes on behalf of the British
• Farmers were required to pay a fixed amount as tax regardless of fluctuations in yield

♦ Who implemented the Ryotwari System? What were the features of this tax system?
• Thomas Munro, Alexander Reed
• peasants were considered as landlords
• The British collected taxes directly from the farmers
• The British seized the land of farmers who failed to pay taxes

♦ Who implemented the Mahalwari System? What were the features of this tax system?
• Holt Mackenzie
• The village was treated as a unit and tax was collected
• The village which defaulted on tax payment was annexed to British India

♦ What are the general features of the taxation systems implemented by the British?
• higher tax rate
• collected taxes directly from the farmers
• Zamindari system, Ryotwari System, Mahalwari System etc. were the various tax systems that existed in that period.
• Farmers were required to pay a fixed amount as tax regardless of fluctuations in yield
• Seized the land of farmers who failed to pay taxes
♦ How do the British tax policies affect farmers in India?
• Farmers found it difficult to pay the high taxes
• Even if crops were damaged due to flood or drought, there was no tax relief
• Farmers had to rely on moneylenders to avoid losing their farmland
• Debt-ridden farmers lost their land

♦ Like the peasants, the British policies also made the lives of artisans miserable. Justify
• Machine-made products from Britain were imported into India.
• Due to the competition with such products, the market for handicraft products
such as cotton-silk-wool clothes, pottery, leather and edible oil was lost.
• This led to the loss of employment for those engaged in handicrafts.
• Many were forced to give up their traditional occupations.

♦ Name the author of Anandamath, the Bengali novel?
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

♦ Why is the rebellion that took place in Bengal called the Sannyasi-Fakir Rebellion, and who were its leaders?
• The East India Company made no effort to solve the problem of famine in
Bengal. 
• Hence, the poor peasants and labourers fought against the British, and this revolt was supported by the sannyasies and the Fakirs.
• So, this revolt is also called the Sannyasi-Fakir Rebellion.
• Bhavani Pathak and Majnu Shah led the Sannyasi-Fakir Rebellion

♦ Which was the most important agrarian revolt against British colonial rule? 
The Neelam Peasant Revolt (1859) in Bengal

♦ What were the reasons for the Neelam Peasant Revolt in Bengal?
• The British planters (indigo planters) forced the farmers to cultivate the indigo plant (Amari plant) for the factories established in the villages
• Indigo produced from the Amari plant could be sold only to the British
• The British paid less than the market price for the indigo to the farmers
• It led to severe food shortage, exploitation and economic hardship
• With the discovery of artificial dyes, the demand for indigo decreased, and poverty increased. The peasants turned to the path of agitation against the British.

♦ Who led the Neelam Peasant Revolt (1859) in Bengal? Result of this rebellion?
• Digambar Biswas and Vishnu Biswas
• Farmers abandoned their indigo cultivation.
• Indigo factories were then attacked.
• When the farmers' resistance became strong, planters closed down the factories
• Indigo cultivation almost disappeared from Bengal.

♦ What were the reasons for the  Santhal Rebellion? Name the leaders?
• Santhals are a tribal people who migrated to the Rajmahal hills in Bengal
province in the eighteenth century. 
• Landlords unjustly extorted, and usurers lent money and snatched their grain and forest resources in exchange. 
• All this was done with the support of the British.
• The British increase tax revenue.
• Sidhu and Kanhu 

♦ The Santhal Rebellion became an important chapter in the history of tribal resistance. Justify
• The Santhals launched their struggles against the British in 1855 by mobilising the tribal people against the injustices they faced.
• Sidhu and Kanhu, who led these riots, were killed by the British. 
• Although the rebellion was brutally suppressed, it became an important chapter in the history of tribal resistance.

♦ What are the reasons for the Munda Rebellion? 
• British colonial exploitation and land grabbing
• Financial exploitation by moneylenders and merchants
• Birsa Munda led the Munda Rebellion

♦ Who led this Rebellion? Why was the Munda Rebellion known as 'Ulgulan'?
Birsa Munda led the Munda Rebellion. The word 'Ulgulan' means 'great uproar' or 'great upheaval'

♦ Write a short note on the results of the Munda Rebellion.
• In 1899, the Munda tribe started an armed rebellion against the British.
• Many Munda tribesmen were killed in the police firing in Ranchi.
• Birsa Munda was imprisoned and died.
• The Munda Rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British
♦ List out the tribal rebellions that took place in different parts of India against the British.
• Kurichiya Rebellion
• Pahariya Rebellion
• Kol Rebellion
• Bhil Rebellion
• Khasi Rebellion

♦ What was the main reason for the resistance of Veerapandya Kattabomman and Marut Pandya brothers against the British? 
• Veerapandya Kattabomman, a poligar of Panchalam Kurichi at Tirunelveli and Marut Pandya brothers, poligars of Sivagangai, played an important role in the struggle against the British
• The poligar was responsible for collecting taxes from the people.
• The ruler of Panchalam Kurichi surrendered to the British, but Kattabomman was not willing to do so. 
• The British increased the existing taxes.
• Kattabomman questioned the tax collection by the British  
• They fought against the British and died as heroes.

♦ Which was the first organised rebellion against the British in India?
The Attingal Revolt of 1721

♦ The Attingal Revolt is significant as the first organised popular uprising against British rule in Kerala. Justify
 • The Attingal Revolt of 1721 was the first organised rebellion against British India.
• The British were constantly trying to create chaos in the Attingal region by interfering in the pepper trade, in internal affairs, and created communal hatred among the people. 
• The British tried to repeat the practice of giving rewards to the ruling Attingal Rani every new year, in 1721 as well. 
• But some of the landlords resisted this because they were afraid that it could cause some kind of danger.
• A British contingent of one hundred and forty, led by Gifford, arrived to give gifts to the Attingal Rani, despite the opinion that was sufficient to give gifts only through the landlords.
• This move led to a big conflict.
• The contingent was attacked and killed by the locals without any distinction of class, colour, caste and religion. 
• Moreover, the British fort at Anchuthengu was surrounded and blockaded.

♦ What was the main reason that provoked Kittur Rani Chennamma to fight against the British? 
• Kittur was a princely state in Karnataka that recognised the supremacy of the Maratha rule.
• When the British won the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Kittur area came
under the control of the English East India Company.
• The ruler of Kittur was Sivalinga Rudradesai. After his death, Chennamma, his widow, decided to adopt a boy.
• This was prevented by the English East India Company, which annexed Kittur to British India.
• Provoked by this, Rani Chennamma of Kittur declared war against the British.
• Rani Chennamma died in 1829 while in British custody.

♦ Complete the flow chart by analysing the revolts that took place in India against the British.
♦ What could be the factors that forced different groups to participate in the 1857 rebellion?
• Administrative reforms implemented by the British 
• Dissatisfaction of the Indian soldiers 
• Rulers of princely states who had lost their powers

♦ Name two Administrative reforms implemented by the British that led to the 1857 revolt?
The Subsidiary Alliance Policy and the Doctrine of Lapse.

♦ Who implemented the Subsidiary Alliance Policy ? Reason behind this policy?
• Lord Wellesley  (British Governor-General)
• For the expansion of the British Empire in India and to strengthen its
sovereignty. 
• According to this, the princely states entered into a military alliance with the British 

♦ The princely states entering into a military alliance with the British had to follow certain conditions. Which are they?
• The princely state which entered into the Subsidiary Alliance Policy should keep one unit of the army of the Company permanently within its kingdom.
• All the expenses of the Company's troops was to be borne by the allied king.
• The allied king must not enter into alliances with other European countries without the Company's approval.
• No action should be taken by the allied king without consulting the British Governor-General.
• The allied King must provide accommodation for a British Resident in his
country.
• If these conditions were violated, the princely states would be annexed by the British.

♦ Who introduced the Doctrine of Lapse policy? Provisions of this policy?
• Lord Dalhousie, the British Governor-General
• If the ruler of a princely state died without male heirs, there was a practice of finding a boy from another family
• The king's power to adopt was abolished by Lord Dalhousie
• In the absence of an heir, the princely state would fall under the control of the English East India Company.

♦ Discus how the Indian princely states were captured by the British with the Subsidiary Alliance Policy and the Doctrine of Lapse.
i. Subsidiary Alliance Policy :
The Subsidiary Alliance Policy was a plan implemented by Lord Wellesley, who was then  Governor-General, for the expansion of the British empire in India and to strengthen its sovereignty. According to this policy:
• The princely state which entered into the Subsidiary Alliance Policy should keep one unit of the army of the Company permanently within its kingdom.
• All the expenses of the Company's troops was to be borne by the allied king.
• The allied king must not enter into alliances with other European countries without the Company's approval.
• No action should be taken by the allied king without consulting the British Governor-General.
• The allied King must provide accommodation for a British Resident in his
country.
• If these conditions were violated, the princely states would be annexed by the British.

ii. Doctrine of Lapse:
This law was implemented by Governor-General Lord Delhouse, and it undermined the traditional right of succession among princely states.
• If the ruler of a princely state died without male heirs, there was a practice of finding a boy from another family as the heir.
• The king's power to adopt was abolished by Lord Dalhousie
• In the absence of an heir, the princely state would fall under the control of the English East India Company.
Under this law, many princely states such as Jhansi, Nagpur, and Satara were annexed. In addition, some regions like Awadh (Oudh) were taken over under British rule.
♦ Name the princely state which was annexed to British India on charges of misrule?
Awadh (Oudh)

♦ How did the dissatisfaction of the Indian soldiers become a major cause of the 1857 rebellion? 
• A major reason for the Revolt of 1857 was the dissatisfaction of the Indian soldiers of the East India Company with the British. 
• Although they were as capable as the British soldiers, Indian soldiers were paid less and were provided poor food and accommodation.
• The company supplied the new type of Enfield guns to the soldiers. 
• Its cartridges had a greased paper cover. This cover had to be bitten off to use the gun. 
• It was rumoured among the soldiers that this cover was smeared with a type of grease made from cow and pig fat, which was offensive to their religious beliefs. 
• Mangal Pandey, a soldier at Barrackpore, was the first to protest against this.

♦ Where did the 1857 rebellion begin? Explain the various groups of people who participated in the rebellion and its main features.
The rebellion of 1857 started in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. After the assassination of Mangal Pandey, Indian soldiers came to Delhi and proclaimed the Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah II as the Emperor of India. Apart from the soldiers, rulers of princely states who had lost their powers, peasants and other people participated in the rebellion in many parts of North India. Within months, the British suppressed the rebellion everywhere. Many Indians were shot dead. Many were cannoned to death. Thousands who were alive were hanged upside down from branches of trees. Out of the one and a half lakh killed in the riots in Oudh alone, one lakh were civilians. The unity of different sections of the people of India was able to resist strongly the brutal oppression of the British. Even where there were no riots, the insurgents had the support of the common people. The real strength of the rebellion was Hindu-Muslim unity.

♦ Write down the results of the 1857 revolt.
• Many Indians were shot dead.
• Many were cannoned to death.
• Thousands who were alive were hanged upside down from branches of trees.
• Out of the one and a half lakh killed in the riots in Oudh alone, one lakh were civilians.

♦ The places where the 1857 rebellion took place.
• Delhi
• Jhansi
• Kanpur
• Lucknow
• Ara in Bihar

♦ Who was General Bakhtkhan?
Bahadur Sha II's military general

♦ Who was the ruler of Jhansi who participated in the 1857 revolt?
Rani Lakshmi Bai

♦ Who were Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope?
• Nana Sahib was the ruler of the Maratha
• Tantia Tope was Nana Sahib's army chief and practised guerrilla warfare

♦ Where did Begum Hazrat Mahal lead the rebellion?
Begum Hazrat Mahal led the rebellion in Lucknow. She was the ruler of Awadh.

♦ Write the positive effects of the 1857 revolt.
• The unity of different sections of the people of India was able to resist strongly the brutal oppression of the British.
• Even where there were no riots, the insurgents had the support of the common people.
• The real strength of the rebellion was Hindu-Muslim unity.

♦ What were the limitations of the 1857 rebellion?
• The rebellion was confined to a few parts of northern India
• The rebellion had no organised leadership
• The Company army had more improvised military and organisational skills than the mutineers
• The middle class in India generally did not support the rebellion
• A section of princely rulers abstained from the rebellion

♦ Even though the revolt of 1857 was suppressed by the British, it had a significant impact on later Indian history. Which are they?
• The English East India Company's rule in India ended
• The administration of India came under the direct control of the British Queen
• The position of Governor-General was replaced by Viceroy
• It inspired India's later national movements 


TEACHING APTITUDE TEST (K-TET, C-TET, etc.) ---> Click here