Class 9 Social Studies I: Chapter 04 Medieval India: Concept of Kingship and Nature of Administration - Questions and Answers

Study Notes for Class 9th Social Science I (English Medium) മധ്യകാല ഇന്ത്യ: രാജസങ്കല്പവും ഭരണരീതിയും | History: Chapter 04 Medieval India: Concept of Kingship and Nature of Administration

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Social Science I Questions and Answers in English
Chapter 04 Medieval India: Concept of Kingship and Nature of Administration
1. Name the Sultanate dynasties who ruled between 1206 and 1526 CE with
their capital at Delhi.
• Five dynasties namely Mamluk (slave), Khalji, Thuglaq, Sayyid and
Lodi

2.Who describes the views of Balban, the most important ruler of the
Mamluk (slave) dynasty, on kingship? Name his work
• Ziauddin Barani
• Tharikh-i-Furuz-Shahi

3.Write the important features of the centralised rule in the administrative
the system implemented by the Sultans.
• The influence of Turkish tradition (The king is equal to God)
• The Sultan was the head of administration, military and judiciary.
• There were different ministers and officers to assist the king in administration.
• An exact law of succession was absent.
• The leadership of the Caliphate of Baghdad was accepted.
• A strong army was maintained to defend the country from the threat of invasions and for the expansion of the empire.
• The vast country was divided into different regions for the convenience of administration.
• Regional laws prevailed at the village level

4.Write short note about the administrative system at the local level during the Sultanate period?
• The empire was divided into provinces, shiqs, Parganas and villages.
• Separate officers were appointed for each division.
• Their authority was not hereditary.
• The maintenance of law and order, judicial administration, collection of taxes and organization of the army were the chief duties of these officers.
• They were under the direct control of the Sultan.
•  The Sultan did not directly intervene in the administration of the villages.

5. Iqta System was one of the characteristic features of the Sultanate period. Justify.
• The country was divided into different parts and these were entrusted with the nobles who were also the military commanders. These divisions were known as 'Iqtas' 
• And their holders were known in different names as Iqtadar, Muqti and Wali.
• The revenue collection and judicial administration of these divisions were the main duties of these Iqtadars.
• They were also duty-bound to maintain an army of their own.
• They used part of the revenue collected from the Iqta for their own expense and the rest for conducting the administration.
• But they were not provided with independent authority.
• When the administration at the centre became strong, the authority of the Iqtadars got restricted.
• The Iqtas later became the provinces.

6. Who implemented reform with the intention of maintaining a large army with less expenditure? Name the reform
• Alauddin Khalji-Market Reforms

7. Examine the role of the market reforms in strengthening military power during the Sultanate period.
• The Sultans always paid attention to maintain a well-equipped army
• It was necessary to control the prices of essential commodities to reduce military expenditure. 
•  The government fixed the prices of essential commodities.
• Hence the merchants were forced to sell their products at the fixed price.
• Black marketeers and hoarders were strictly punished.
• The weights and measures were unified. 
•  Established granaries to store the grains bought from the peasants
• Distributed corns during the time of famines at a moderate price.
• Officers were appointed for the strict implementation of the market regulations.
• As a result, the soldiers were able to purchase commodities at a moderate price. 
• Hence there was no need to pay them high salaries.
• Through these acts, the Sultan curtailed the military expenditure and
the amount thus saved was utilized to enhance the strength of the army

8.Which dynasty ruled Delhi after the Sultanate period?
• Mughal dynasty

9.Who established the Mughal Empire in 1526 CE?
• Babur

10.Name the important sources of information on the administrative system of the Mughal period written by Abul Fazl
• The Akbarnama

11. Name the main rulers of Mughal dynasty
1. BABUR                                                
2. HUMAYUN                                   
3. AKBAR
4. JAHANGIR                                                            
5. SHAHJAHAN                                              
6. AURANGAZIB

12.Write the features of the Mughal administration.
• Divine Right of Kingship
• The influence of Turkish and Mongol traditions.
• Powers centralized in the king.
• Based on military power.
• Assistance of ministers and officials in the administration.
• Existence of local administration

13.The Mughals paid special attention to the local administration. Explain.
• For the convenience of administration, the country was divided into
Subahs, Sarkars, Parganas and Villages
• There was a chain of officials for the administration of each division.
• The collection of revenue, judicial administration and supervision of the army were their responsibilities.

14. Akbar became successful as a ruler, acceptable to all through his administrative measures. Substantiate.
                                    OR
 What were the policies adopted by Akbar to win the support of all
• Adopted the title of Badsha-i-Hind (the Emperor of India)
• To maintain religious harmony he formulated a new faith named Dini-Ilahi by inculcating the ideas of all religions.
• The Rajputs such as Raja Todarmal, Birbal, Mansingh, etc. were appointed as high officials.
• Akbar and his relatives married Rajput ladies.
• The army was strengthened by including different sections.

15. To what extent Din-i-Ilahi, formulated by Akbar was helpful in maintaining administrative stability and religious harmony?
• Akbar wanted to maintain peace, friendship and unity among different sections of people in his country.
• In order to have intellectual discourses Akbar constructed the Ibadat Khana at his capital, Fatehpur Sikri.
• By inculcating the essence of all these discussions, he formulated the ideology of Din-i-Ilahi.
• It was a combination of ideas and principles of different Religious discourses of Akbar with different religions.
• He never compelled anyone to accept it
• It did not have any rites, religious texts, places of worship or priests, except the joining function.
• Sulh-Kul or 'Peace to all' was its basic tenet

16.Who introduced Mansabdari System?
• Akbar

17. Mansabdari System was introduced to strengthen the authority of the emperor. Substantiate.
• The base of Mughal administration was a strong military system.
• The emperors needed the support of the nobles and officials for the maintenance and expansion of the empire
• The term 'Mansab' denotes the rank or position of a Mughal military officer. 
• Those who held this position were called Mansabdars.
• The position of the officers, their salary and military responsibilities were categorically determined through the Mansabdari system.
• The rank of a Mansabdar was determined by the number of horses and cavalrymen he maintained.
• There were more than 30 ranks in the army of Akbar Each Mansab had two sub-divisions called the 'Zat' and the 'Sawar'.
• The word 'Zat' means an individual. It fixes the rank and salary of a person in the army.
•  Sawar refers to the number of horses a Mansabdar had to maintain.
18.Prepare a note on the common features of the Sultanate and the Mughal
administrations.
• Divine Right of Kingship
• Powers centralized in the king
• The influence of Turkish tradition
• Assistance of ministers and officials in the administration.
• Existence of local administration

19.What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the Iqta system of the Sultanate period and the Jagirdari system of the Mughal period?
Similarities:
• The Jagirdari system was a higher form of the Iqta system of the Sultanate period
• As in the Iqta system, the Jagirdars never lived in or ruled over the land they received
• Existence of military commanders
• Main duty-Revenue collection
• The officers were provided possession right of the land only
Dissimilarities:
1) Country divisions were known as 'Iqtas' and their holders were
known Iqtadar, Muqti and Wali
• Granted land in lieu of salary to the Mansabdars known as 'Jagir'. Such officers were known as Jagirdars
2) Iqtadar were not provided with independent authority
• The position of Jagirdar was not hereditary

20.Write the important feature of the Chola administration
• The country was ruled by a central government which included the king as the sovereign authority.
•  Ministers as advisors and the officers.
• They followed the patrilineal system of inheritance.
• The Chola administration was regulated through Royal decrees.
• The orders of the king were circulated to other officers by an important officer is known as 'Olainayakam'
• A strong military system including the navy.

21.The village autonomy was the most important feature of the Chola administration. Justify
• The Chola kings divided the country into Mandalams, Valanadus, Nadus and Kottams
• A group of autonomous villages formed a Kottam.
• All the responsibilities and authorities relating to the administration of the villages were vested with the people of the villages.
•  Two councils known as the Ur and the Sabha functioned for the purpose of village administration.
• The people of the whole village was included in the Ur, whereas the Sabha was only a Council of the Brahmins.

22.Write the features of the Sabha.
• There were separate regulations for the functioning of the Sabha
• The Sabha was divided into many panchayats with separate responsibilities for administrative convenience.
•  The members of the Panchayats were determined through both selection and election
•  The members were elected annually.
• One person could serve as the member of the panchayat for a maximum of three consecutive terms.
•  Those who were accused of crimes such as bribery and theft were not given the chance to contest in the election.
•  The members of the Sabha were called Perumakkal
• The members of the panchayats were known as Variya perumakkal.

23.What were powers of Sabha?
• Receive land for the temples.
• Collect tax by surveying land.
• Undertake public works for the welfare of the people.
• Keep accounts and records
• Conduct judicial administration of the village.

24.Who was the famous ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire of South India? Name his work.
• Krishna Deva Raya
• Amuktamalyada

25.Write short note on the administrative system of the Vijayanagara Empire?
• Centralised administration
•  The king had the support of a strong army.
•  To protect the country from the enemies, they constructed large forts.
• The central administration of the Vijayanagara Empire was called Nayankara system
•  The local administration was the Ayyagar

26.Write the features of Nayankara system
• The King was the head of the central administration
• Ministers and royal officers to assist the king
• A small army under the direct control of the king.
• The provincial governors maintained a fixed number of soldiers of their own
• They provided the service of the army to the king whenever necessary
• As they were also military heads,  the king awarded them with the title of 'Nayak' along with a specific area of land
• This system that prevailed at the centre was known as the Nayankara system

27.Write the features of Ayyagar System
• For the convenience of administration, the empire was divided into provinces, nadus and villages.
• Village was the basic unit.
•  The day-to-day administration of the village was done by the officers known as 'Ayyagars', who inherited the post. 
•  The position of Ayyagars in the village administration was equal to that of the Nayaks in the central administration.

28.Write the features of the Maratha administration.
• Maratha king was the supreme authority with powers over the legislature, executive, judiciary and military.
• Central administration had the support of an elaborate ministry
• The ministers were the mere advisors of the king.
• Their office was not hereditary
• There was espionage to observe various officers and state affairs.
• Local administration has prevailed

29.Write short note about Local Administration of the Marathas
• The Maratha kingdom was divided into many parts for the convenience of administration.
• These divisions were provinces, districts (pranthas), parganas and villages.
• The officers were directly appointed by the king.
• The country was further divided into two: 'Swarajya' and 'Mogalai'.
• The Swarajya was the territories of the Marathas
•  The Mogalai was the regions annexed to the kingdom. 
• In addition to the land tax collected from the Maratha country
(Swarajya) two kinds of taxes, Chawth and Sardeshmukhi, were collected from the annexed regions

30.Which were the two kinds of taxes collected from the annexed regions of the Marathas?
• Chawth and Sardeshmukhi

31.Make a ‘Word sun’ related to Ashtapradhan

32.Name the council which helped the Maratha ruler Shivaji in his
administration.
• Ashtapradhan

33. Match the items in column A with the appropriate item in column 'B

A

B

1. Market reforms

Sivaji

2. Mansabdari system

Krishna Deva Raya

3.Ashtapradan

Akbar

4.Amukthamalyada

Alauddin Khalji
Ans.
1. Alauddin Khalji
2. Akbar
3. Sivaji
4. Krishna Deva Raya

34. Name the administration in which the country was divided into Mandalams, Valanadus, Nadus and Kottams during the medieval period?
(The Sultanate administration, The Mughal Administration, The Chola Administration, The Maratha Administration )
• The Chola Administration

35. Who was in charge of foreign affairs in the council of ministers called Ashtapradhan?
a) Sumant                    b) Amatya,
c) Peshwa                    d) Sachiv
Ans. a) Sumant

36. Which ideology was introduced by emperor Akbar comprising the essence of the discourses at Ibadat Khana?
a) Badsha-i-Hind               b) Din-i-Ilahi
c) Mansabdari                    d) Jagirdari
Ans. b) Din-i-Ilahi

37. Write the difference between Swarajya and Mogalai.
a. Swarajya' - territories of the Marathas
b. Mogalai' – regions annexed to the kingdom
38. Identify the inscription that gives information about the village autonomy during the Chola period?
• The Uttaramerur inscription

39. Some of the members of the Ashtapradhan, which helped the Maratha ruler Shivaji in his administration are given below. Write down their duties.
a. Peshwa                 b. Sumant
c. Amatya                 d. Pandita Rao
Ans:
a. Peshwa - Prime Minister
b. Sumant - Foreign Affairs
c. Amatya- Finance Officer
d. Pandita Rao - Religious and Charitable activities

40. Who circulated royal orders to other officers during the Chola period,?
• 'Olainayakam'.

41. What is the difference between Zat' and Sawar, the two sub-divisions of Mansab in the Mansabdri system?
• Zat - refers to the rank and salary of a person in the army.
• Sawar - refers to the number of horses a Mansabdar had to maintain.

42. Which of the following is related to the Sultanate rule?
a) For administrative convenience, the country was divided into Subahs, Sarkars, Parganas and Villages.
b) For administrative convenience, the country was divided into Mandalams, Valanadus, Nadus and Kottams.
c) For administrative convenience, the country was divided into districts (pranthas), parganas and villages.
d) For the convenience of administration, the empire was divided into provinces, shiqs, parganas and villages.
Ans.
d. For the convenience of administration, the empire was divided into provinces, shiqs, parganas and villages.

43. What is the role of Sachiv in the Ashtapradhan which helped the Maratha ruler Shivaji in his administration?
a) Religious and charitable activities
b) Military matters
c) Chief judicial officers
d) In charge of royal correspondence.
Ans:
d) In charge of royal correspondence.

44. ‘Zat’ and ‘Sawar’ are two terms associated with the Mansabdari System. ‘Zat’ means the rank and salary of a person in the army. What does ‘Sawar’ mean?
a) The land grant system in lieu of salary
b) Method of land taxation
c) The number of horses a Mansabdar had to maintain.
d) Territory that is being conquered by others
Ans.
c) The number of horses a Mansabdar had to maintain.

45. The statements related to the rule of medieval India are given below. Find out administration related to these statements
a) A group of autonomous villages formed a ‘Kottam’
b) The day-to-day administration of the village was done by the officers known as 'Ayyagars',
c) The country was divided into 'Swarajya' and 'Mogalai'.
d) The empire was divided into provinces, shiqs, parganas and villages.
(Maratha rule, Chola rule, Sultanate rule, Vijayanagara rule, Mughal rule)
Ans:
a. The Chola rule
b. The Vijayanagara Empire
c. The Maratha rule
d. Sultanate rule

46. How did the ideology of 'Din-i-Ilahi' formulated by Emperor Akbar promote stability and religious harmony?
Ans:
Din-i-Ilahi is a conceptual framework formulated by emperor Akbar from the essence of discussions held in Ibadat Khana
It was a combination of ideas and principles of different religions.
It did not have any rites, religious texts, places of worship or priests, Sulh-i-Kul or 'Peace to all' was its basic tenet.
There was an entrance ceremony.

47. Write any two characteristics of the Maratha rule at the time of Shivaji’s administration.
Ans:
Ashtapradhan - Council of ministers to assist in the administration
There was an espionage system to observe various officers and state affairs,
The local administration has prevailed.

48. Write the responsibilities and powers of the Sabha, one of the councils established for the administration of villages during the Chola period.
Ans:
Collect tax by surveying land.
Receive land for the temples.
Undertake public works for the welfare of the people.
Keep accounts and records
Conduct judicial administration of the village.

49. The village autonomy that existed during the Chola period was very similar to that of the local administration of modern times. Substantiate.
.Two councils were known as the Ur and the Sabha functioned for the purpose of    village administration
.The Sabha was divided into many panchayats with separate responsibilities
.The members of the Panchayats were determined through both selection and election
.The members were elected annually.
.One person could serve as the member of the panchayat for a maximum of three consecutive terms.
.Those who were accused of crimes such as bribery and theft were not given the chance to contest in the election.
.The members of the Sabha were called Perumakkal and the members of the panchayats were known as Variya perumakkal.
. Compare the local self-government system of the modern era.

50. The aim of Emperor Akbar was to be the ruler of all sections of people in India. What steps did he take to achieve this goal?
Ans:
He adopted the title of Badsha-i-Hind (Emperor of India).
A new faith named Din-i-Ilahi was formulated by inculcating the ideas of all religions.
The Rajputs such as Raja Todarmal, Birbal, Mansingh, etc. were appointed as high officials.
Akbar and his relatives married Rajput ladies.
51. Evaluate the effectiveness of market reforms implemented by Alauddin Khalji to maintain a strong administration.
Ans:
The government fixed the prices of essential commodities.
Black marketeers and hoarders were strictly punished.
The weights and measures were unified.
The government established granaries to store the grains
Officers were appointed for the strict implementation of the market regulations

52. Write the general features of Sultanate administration and Mughal rule.
Ans:
The influence of Turkish and Mongol traditions.
Powers were centralized in the king.
Based on military power
The assistance of ministers and officials in the administration.
Similarities in local administration

53. Write any four characteristics of Sultanate administration
Ans:
The Sultan was the head of administration, military and judiciary.
The leadership of the Caliphate of Baghdad was accepted.
A strong army was maintained
The influence of Turkish tradition
Ministers and officers to assist the king in administration
An exact law of succession was absent
The vast country was divided into different regions for the convenience of administration.
Regional laws prevailed at the village level.

54. What was the main objective of the market reforms implemented by Alauddin Khalji?
• Maintaining a large army with less expenditure 

55. What are the similarities and differences between the Iqta System existed during the Sultanate period and the Jagirdari System of Emperor Akbar?
Ans.
Similarities
The right of the land to the military chiefs.
The right to keep the army on its own.
Right to tax collection.
There is no independent power. 
Differences
It was known as Jagirdars in Akbar's time and Iqtadar during the sultanate
The Jagirdari system was a higher form of the Iqta system of the Sultanate period
The position of jagirdar was not hereditary.
As in the Iqta system, the Jagirdars never lived in or ruled over the land they received
 
33.Flowchart

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