STD 10 Social Science I: Chapter 07 India after Independence - Questions and Answers


Questions and Answers for Class 10 History (English Medium) സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യാനന്തര ഇന്ത്യ | Text Books Solution Social Science I (English Medium) Chapter 07 India after Independence

Social Science I Questions and Answers in English

Class 10: Chapter 07 India after Independence Questions and Answers
India after Independence
1. Discuss the context of the refugee problem in independent India.
-Refugee flows have been the result of the partition of India.
-Refugee flows from India to Pakistan, Pakistan to India
-Communal riots have taken place all over the country (Calcutta, Bihar, Nawakhali, Delhi, Punjab and Kashmir).
-Thousands of people were killed and women were attacked.

2. What are the major challenges faced by independent India?
-Flow of Refugees, 
-Integration of Princely States, 
-Formation of Constitution.
-First General Election,
-Linguistic Reorganization of States.

3. Explain the situation where the integration of the princely states in independent India became difficult.
-There were around six hundred princely states in pre-independent India, in addition to the territories directly ruled by the British.    
-Britain gave these princely states the options to join either India or Pakistan or to be independent.   
-That is why it is very difficult to integrate the princely states into the Indian Union.

4. How is the integration of princely states possible in independent India?
-The integration was really a herculean task and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission. 
-He appointed V.P.Menon, a Keralite, as Secretary of the Department of States.
-Patel and V. P. Menon prepared an Instrument of Accession, which stipulated that the princely states had to transfer their control over the defence, external affairs, and information and communication to the Government of India.
-Following the diplomacy of the government and popular protests, the majority of the princely states signed the 
Instrument of Accession and joined Indian Union.
-But some states such as Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagarh resented.
-Finally, they were also integrated into the Indian Union through conciliation talks and military interventions.

5. List the territories of France and Portugal and the year they were added to the Indian Union.
• France  - Pondicherry, Karaikkal, Mahe and Yanam - 1954
• Portugal - Goa, Daman and Diu  - 1961

6. Prepare a note on the preparation of the Constitution of India.
-As per the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission, a Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946, under the Chairmanship of Dr Rajendra Prasad.
-BR Ambedkar was appointed as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, which was set up to draft the Constitution.
-The committee drafted the constitution after a series of discussions and debates.
 -Our constitution is a reflection of the visions and dreams that evolved during the freedom movement.
-The constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950 and India was declared a Republic.

7. Discuss the role of the Constitution of India in fostering democracy.
-As per the constitution, India is a democratic country.
-As a democratic government, the Constitution guarantees all citizens political rights.
- The Constitution requires that free and fair elections be conducted at regular intervals.
-In addition, the Constitution guarantees people fundamental rights.

8. Describe the situation that resulted in the formation of linguistic states in India.
-After independence, people agitated for the formation of states along linguistic lines.
-Potti Sriramalu, a freedom fighter, started satyagraha for the formation of Andhra Pradesh for Telugu-speaking people.
-After 58 days of fasting, his martyrdom and it intensified the mass agitation.
-Following this, in 1953, the Government of India formed the state of Andhra Pradesh for Telugu speaking people.
-After this, the demand for linguistic states intensified.
-The Government of India formed a Commission to reorganise Indian states on the basis of languages, with Fazl Ali as Chairman and H.N.Kunzru and K.M.Panikkar, a Keralite, as members.
-As per the recommendations of the Commission, the Parliament passed the States Reorganisation Act in 1956.
-Thus, 14 states and 6 union territories came into effect.
9. Why did independent India choose language as a criterion for the reorganization of states?
-In one Princely States, there are many people who speak different languages.
-One of the major problems that the people of this country have encountered is language.
-Language minorities struggled to communicate.   
-The linguistic minorities did not get the benefits they deserved. 
-People like the Malayalees had to live in different states while speaking the same language and following the same culture.
-These are the factors that have led to the adoption of language as the criteria for the reorganization of states.

10. What were the factors that contributed to the economic recovery of post-independence India? (List of economic developments in post-independence India.)
What are the features of the initiatives taken by independent India in the economic sector?
-India accepted the mixed economy consisting of the qualities of capitalist and socialist economies.
-It gave importance to Public Sector.
-In 1950, the Planning Commission was established.
-Economic planning got impetus after the independence.
-The Planning Commission of India (PCI) was formed under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1950
-Centralized economic planning was implemented. 
-The concept of economic planning was borrowed from the Soviet Union.
-Five Year Plans started in 1951 helped India go ahead with the process of development.
-They also helped alleviate poverty, flourish agriculture and industrial sectors, improve education and generate new energy sources.
-With the support of foreign countries we set up iron and steel industries in various parts of the country.
-Large multi-purpose dams have been established. (Bhakra Nangal Project).
-Irrigation facilities boosted agricultural production in India.
-On 2 October 1952, marking the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, the Government started 55 projects aiming at better facilities for infrastructure, farming and livestock development.

11. List the achievements in science and technology of post-independence India.
-Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, an ardent fan of modern science and technology India made great achievements in science and technology.
-Established several research institutions for the development of science and technology.
-Some of them are:
•Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR)
•Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
•Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
-Homi Jahangir Bhabha and S.N. Bhatnagar, helmed the projects of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
-H. J. Bhabha was the head of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Indian Atomic Energy Commission.
 -During the same time, world-class engineering institutes were also established in the country. Five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started between 1954 and 1964.

12. Describe the progress that post-independence India achieved in space.
-In 1962, Nehru, with the technical advice of Vikram Sarabhai, formed the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) .
-In 1969, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was established to lead space research.  
-The first rocket-launching station in India was established in Thumba, near Trivandrum.
-First satellite Aryabhatta was successfully launched in 1975.
-In addition to satellites, space vehicles and rocket launchers were also developed.
 -It was because of the farsightedness of Jawaharlal Nehru that India became the first developing nation to make and launch satellites.

13. Which are the agencies that develop satellites in India now?
-National Remote Sensing Agency,
-Physical Research Laboratory.

14. What are the missiles developed by India?
-Agni
-Prithwi

15. Who led the nuclear experiments in India?
- Dr Raja Ramanna
- Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

16. What was India's first lunar mission?
-Chandrayan which began in 2008 is India's first lunar mission.
-With this, India became a member in the coveted group to launch a space shuttle to the lunar orbit after America, Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan.

17. Which is India's First Mars Exploration Mission
-Mangalyan.
-Mangalyan the space mission of India to Mars is the Indian-made space shuttle that covered the longest distance in space.
List of educational commissions, objectives, and recommendations established in post-independence India.

18. Radhakrishnan Commission(1948)
Objectives - To study university education
 Recommendations -
• Start professional educational institutions.
• Give emphasis to women.
• Form the Univesity Grants Commission (UGC).

19. Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar Commission (1952) 
Objectives - To study secondary education
Recommendations:-
-Implement three language formula
-Form Secondary Education Commission.
-Establish multi-purpose schools.
-Form a council for teacher training.

20. Kothari Commission (1964)
Objectives - To propose a national pattern of education
 Recommendations -
-Implement a 10+2+3 pattern of education
-Start Vocational education at the secondary level.
-Focus on value education.
21. What are the main proposals of the National Education Policy of 1986?
-Focusing on primary and continuing education Launching Operation Blackboard Programme to universalise primary education and to improve infrastructure facilities in schools.
-Starting Navodaya Vidyalayas in every district.
-Encouraging girls' education.

22. New Policy on Education
-New Policy on Education paved the way for remarkable changes in education.
-In 2009 Government of India enacted a law by which education became a fundamental right.
-Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Siksha Abhiyan introduced by Union Government, are joined together and implemented as Samagra Sikhsha Abhiyan from 2018 onwards

23. Main principles of India's foreign policy
-Resistance to colonialism and imperialism
-Hostility to racism
-Trust in the United Nations Organization
-Peaceful co-existence
-Panchsheel principles
-Emphasis on the necessity of foreign assistance
-Policy of Non - alignment

24. Panchsheel Principles
The Panchsheel Principles are the agreement signed by India and China in 1954.
 -This agreement was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru and Chou En-lai the then Prime Minister of China.
-Even though the Panchsheel agreement was signed with China, India's approach to all other nations was also based on these principles.

25. Main Principles in Panchsheel
-Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
-Mutual non-aggression
-Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs
-Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit
-Peaceful co-existence.

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