Class 10 Social Science I: Chapter 08 Kerala Towards Modernity - Questions and Answers
Textbooks Solution for Class 10th History (English Medium) കേരളം ആധുനികതയിലേക്ക് | Text Books Solution Social Science I (English Medium) Chapter 08 Kerala Towards Modernity
Social Science I Chapter 08 Kerala Towards Modernity Questions and Answers
Kerala Towards Modernity
1. What were the aims of the Portuguese who came to Kerala in 1498?
-The Portuguese aimed to end the Arab and Chinese trade monopoly on the Kerala coast.
-They demanded Zamorin the ruler of Kozhikode to expel the Arab merchants from Kozhikode.
-But Zamorin rejected this demand and this made the Portuguese furious.
-So the Portuguese sought the help of Kochi, the enemy state of Kozhikode, to gain trade supremacy in Kerala.
-Though the Zamorins' navy under the leadership of Kunhali Marakkar bravely resisted the Portuguese, they lost.
2. Why should the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the English come to Kerala?
-To obtain a trade monopoly (They competed for pepper)
Who drove the Portuguese out of Kerala?
-1663 The Dutch expelled the Portuguese from Kerala.
3. What was the occasion when the Dutch had to leave Kerala?
-The Dutch were forced to leave Kerala as they were defeated by Marthanda Varma of Travancore with the help of the British in the Battle of Colachel in 1741.
4. How British possess a trade monopoly in South India?
-By defeating the French in the Karnatic wars, the British possessed a trade monopoly in South India.
5. What were the circumstances that caused the British to dominate in Kerala?
-Attingal Revolt.
-Sreeranga Pattanam Treaty.
-According to the Treaty with the British.
6. What were the situation and the outcome of the Attingal riots?
(The first organized uprising against the British in Kerala)
-Captain Keeling, who arrived in Kerala in 1615, signed a trade agreement with the Zamorin.
-Later, the company secured the consent to start warehouses at Vizhinjam, Thalassery, and Anchuthengu.
-Gradually, they attained permission from the Queen of Attingal to build a fort at Anchuthengu.
-Later, Anchuthengu became an important military centre of the British on the western coast.
-The natives were furious when Anchuthengu became a British military base.
-In 1721, the natives killed about 150 Englishmen who were on their way to hand over gifts to the Queen of Attingal.
-It is known as the Attingal Revolt.
-It is considered the first organized revolt against the British in Kerala.
-The Attingal Rebellion was suppressed by the British and captured Attingal.
7. Prepare a note on how Malabar, Travancore and Kochi came under British rule.
-As per the Sreeranga Pattanam Treaty of 1792 between the British and the Mysore rulers, Malabar came under British control.
-In 1792 Kochi Raja accepted British supremacy and was forced to pay tribute.
-According to the Treaty of 1795, Travancore also admitted British dominance.
-In return, the British promised protection to Travancore from its enemies.
-Thus the British ruled Malabar directly and Kochi and Travancore indirectly through the subservient Samantha rajas.
8. Early resistance against the British in Kerala including the regions where they broke out and their reasons.
-Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja of the Kottayam royal family led the resistance against the British in Malabar.
-The British promised Pazhassi the right to collect tax from the Kottayam region as a reward for helping them in the wars against Mysore.
-The British refused to keep their promise after the triumph in the battle.
-Moreover, the British claimed their dominance over Wayanad.
-Pazhassi Raja organised the people and fought against the British.
-He unleashed guerilla war against the British with the help of Chempan Pokker, Kaitheri Ambu Nair, Edachena Kunkan Nair and Thalakkal Chandu, the leader of the Kurichias in
-In the fight against the British he has assaulted his life on 30 November 1805.
10. Explain the situation that caused Kerala to become part of the world market.
-Taking up the administrative control, the British could gain Kerala merchandise at cheap prices and sell out their industrial products at high prices.
-With this, Keralas self-sufficient village economy was destroyed.
-Foreign trade spread across the region under the rule of the British and Kerala became a part of the world market.
11. Give a detailed account of the results of the attempts made by the British to improve trade
-The trade laws that existed in Malabar, Kochi and Travancore were amended by the British in their favour.
-They introduced unified coinage and metrology systems.
-Roads, bridges and railways were built to improve transportation facilities targeting the carriage of goods.
-For better trade facilities, they developed the ports at Kochi, Kozhikode and Alappuzha.
12. Changes in Land Relations during the British rule?
(How the lives of peasants changed more pathetic during the British rule)
-The British rule made drastic changes in the pattern of land ownership enjoyed by different sections of people in the society.
-Local Chieftains and landlords were considered as the owners of land and the tax they had to pay to the British was pre-determined.
-Local Chieftains and landlords collected tax from the tenants in excess and evicted them.
-As a result, the life of the tenants in Malabar became pathetic.
13. Specify the conditions under which the farmers of Kerala got the land right.
-The peasants revolted against the British and their feudal lords (Malabar Rebellion)
-The tenants got limited right over the land by the implementation of the Malabar Tenants' Act of 1929.
-The Government of Travancore made a landmark proclamation in 1865 granting the tenants ownership of the lands they cultivated.
-It is known as the'Pandarappatta Vilambaram'.
-The Janmi-Kudian Act passed in 1896 also granted land ownership to the tenants in Travancore.
-In Kochi, the Tenancy Act (Kudiyaima Niyamam) was enacted in 1914.
14. Analyse the changes commercialisation brought about in Kerala's agricultural sector.
-Coffee, tea, cardamom, were cultivated in large plantations in hilly areas with the beginning of other crops, paddy production declined.
-In the European market, more and more demand products were started in Kerala.
-At the same time teak plantation was started in Nilambur under the guidance of Conolly.
-Most of the plantations were owned by the British.
-The rulers of Kochi and Travancore facilitated transportation and leased out forest lands to the British to start estates.
-Gradually Kerala became a hub of cash crop production.
15. Traditional plantation Industries and Centres in Kerala
-The British established modern industries in Travancore and Cochin.
-Rulers of Travancore adopted policies promoting modern industries
-The British provided technical and financial support to the industries.
-The establishment of the Pallivasal Hydro Electric Project propelled the development of modern industries.
17. The main factories and institutions started during the British period
-Punaloor Paper Mills - Kollam
-FACT Kalamassery - Ernakulam
-Kundara Ceramics - Kollam
-Rubber Works - Thiruvananthapuram
-Tata Oil Mills - Kochi
-AlagappaTextile Mill - Kochi
-Banks were started in Kerala as institutions for accumulating capital and dealing with financial affairs.
-The Nedungadi Bank was the first private bank in Kerala.
-Later, the Imperial Bank, the Indian National Bank and the Chartered Bank came into existence.
18. The earliest books in Malayalam - Authors
-Gauri Parvathy Bhai
21. Which are the changes in the field of the health sector of Kerala during the British period.
-Modern medicine gained more importance than Kerala's traditional Ayurvedic system of medicine during British rule.
-Smallpox vaccination was introduced for the first time in Malabar.
-The Travancore rulers formed a company to import medicines from England.
-Government hospitals were started in Malabar, Kochi and Travancore.
22. Which are the changes in the field of the judicial sector of Kerala during the British period?
-The British reformed this system of law and justice.
-In the new system after hearing the accused, unified punishment was given depending on the nature of the guilt.
-With this, the principle of equality before law irrespective of caste was established.
-Trial courts were started at different places in Kerala.
23. The events that contributed to the social change in Kerala
* Channar revolt
-The Channar women of Southern Travancore fought for the right to cover their upper bodies.
-As a result, Uthram Thirunal Maharaja was forced to permit the Channar women to wear jackets in 1859.
* Sri Narayana Guru and the consecration of the idol of Lord Shiva at Aruvippuram
-The consecration of the idol of Lord Shiva at Aruvippuram by Sri Narayana Guru in 1888 caused the rise of new insights in the social sphere.
-Consequently, the lower caste people gained the right to perform the poojas and temple rituals.
-In front of the Aruvippuram temple, Sri Narayana Guru inscribed: " It is a model place where people live without caste disparity or religious aversion, but with fraternity".
-Guru gave importance to education and started schools and libraries along with temples
-He wished to "enlighten through education and strengthen by union".
-Calling for 'not to argue and win but to know and inform', he convened an all religion conference in Aluva.
* Vaikom Satyagraha (1924)
-Major struggles that took place in Kerala for claiming the right to travel.
-Led by T. K. Madhavan.
-Expressing solidarity with the Satyagraha, Mannath Padmanabhan organised the Savarna Jatha.
-Following this struggle the lower castes secured permission to travel through the roads around the Vaikom Temple.
* Guruvayur Satygraha (1931)
-Guruvayur agitation was launched demanding entry for all castes of Hindus into the Guruvayur temple (1931).
-Led by K.Kelappan.
-A.K.Gopalan was the volunteer captain of this struggle.
-P. Krishna Pillai was callously attacked during this Satyagraha.
-Following these popular protests, the Temple Entry Proclamation was announced on 12 November 1936 in Travancore.
-Following this, Temple Entry Proclamations were issued in Madras and Kochi and all sections of the society were offered the right to worship in temples.
24. Which are the struggles in Malabar were part of the national struggle?
-Malabar revolt (1921)
-1930-Civil Disobedience Movement(Salt satyagraha)
-Kayyoor, Morazha, Karivellur revolts
-Quit India movement(1942)
25. Malabar District Congress
-The first conference of the Malabar District Congress chaired by Annie Beasant was held at Palakkad in 1916.
-K P Kesava Menon, K P Raman Menon, Muhammed Abdurahman Sahib, K. Madhavan Nair, E.Moidu Moulavi and M. P. Narayana Menon were at the helm of the Congress in Malabar during this period.
-The last Malabar political conference held at Manjeri in 1920 discussed several issues like political reforms, problems of tenants, the Khilafat and so on.
26. Khilafat Movement.
-The Khilafat Committee was formed with Kattilasseri Mohamed Moulavi and Mohammed Abdurahman Sahib as the President and the Secretary respectively.
-The Khilafat Movement became strong in Malabar.
-Subsequently, there were direct flights with the British in several places in Malabar.
27. Malabar Rebellion (1921).
-The Mappila peasants of Malabar fought against the British in Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani Taluks.
-These struggles, in general, are known as Malabar Rebellion (1921).
28. Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 (Salt satyagraha)
-In 1930s, the Civil Disobedience Movement gained momentum in Malabar.
-People broke the salt law by making salt under the leadership of K Kelappan and Mohammed Abdu Rahiman at Payyannur and Kozhikode respectively.
-Boycott of foreign goods, picketing liquor shops and popularising Khadi was also part of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
29. Kayyoor, Morazha, Karivellur protests
-It was run by the Congress Socialist Party.
-In 1939 the Congress Socialist Party was reorganized as the Communist Party of India.
-E M S Namboothiripad, A K Gopalan and P.Krishna Pillai were the prominent leaders of the party.
-They organized peasants and workers to fight against the janmi system and British imperialism.
30. Quit India Movement in Malabar(1942)
-Protests relating to the Quit India Movement in Malabar witnessed the destruction of government buildings, bridges, telephone lines, etc.
-Kizhariyoor bomb case was one of the major incidents during this time.
-In this incident, a police case was charged against 27 persons including K.B.Menon and Kunjiramakidavu, accusing them of conspiring to destroy the Feroke bridge.
31. What were the struggles of Travancore as part of the National Struggle?
-Malayali Memorial(1891)
-Ezhava Memorial(1896)
-'Nivarthana Prakshobham' (Abstention movement). (1932)
* Malayali Memorial(1891)
-In Travancore, political agitations started in 1891 with the Malayali Memorial.
-Under the leadership of Barrister G.P Pillai, a memorandum was submitted to the King signed by more than ten thousand people seeking proportionate representation for the people of Travancore in government jobs.
-This mass representation is known as the Malayali Memorial.
* Ezhava Memorial(1896)
-In 1896, Dr Palpu submitted a memorial to the King raising the problems faced by the Ezhava community.
-This is known as Keshavante Prasangangal) the Ezhava Memorial.
-The deportation of Ramakrishna Pillai, the Editor of 'Swadeshabhimani', a newspaper for criticising the then Dewan of Travancore caused significant political breakthroughs in Kerala.
* Nivarthana Prakshobham' (Abstention movement)(1932)
-In 1932 Christian, Muslim and Ezhava communities launched agitation seeking reservation in government jobs in proportion to their population.
-This was known as 'Nivarthana Prakshobham' (Abstention movement).
-This was led by N.V.Joseph, Pattom Thanu Pillai, P.K.Kunhu, and C Keshavan
32. Punnapra-Vayalar protest
-In 1938, with the formation of the Travancore State Congress with Pattom Thanu Pillai as the President, political activities in Travancore gained momentum.
-The Punnapra-Vayalar protest in 1946 against the administrative reforms of Diwan Sir C P Ramaswamy Iyer led the entry of the working class into the political arena.
33. National agitation in Kochi
* Electricity Agitation
-The struggle for Responsible Government in Kochi began with the Electricity Agitation of 1936.
-The agitation was against the decision of the Diwan Shanmugam Chetty to hand over the charge of electricity supply in Kochi to a private company.
-The formation of Cochin Rajya Prajamandalam under the leadership of S.Neelakanda Iyer and V.R.Krishnanezhuthachan in 1941 strengthened the movements.
-E. Ikkanda Warrier, Panampalli Govinda Menon, and K Ayyappan were among the leaders of Cochin Rajya Prajamandalam.
34. List of National struggles led by women in Kerala
-Boycotting foreign goods,
-Picketing liquor shops,
-Eradicating untouchability, and
-Popularising Khadi.
-AV Kutimalu Amma led the national struggle in Malabar.
-Ankamcheriyan and Animescreen led national struggles in Travancore.
35. Describe the events leading up to united Kerala.
-The first Kerala State Political Conference was held at Ottappalam from 23-26 April 1921.
-Barrister T Prakasam, known as Andhra Kesari, presided over the conference.
-Later, Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee came into existence uniting Travancore, Kochi and Malabar regions.
-The Payyannur Congress Conference chaired by Jawaharlal Nehru conceded a resolution demanding the reorganization of Kerala as a distinctive state after the independence.
-The United Kerala Resolution was passed both in the United Kerala Convention held at Thrissur under K Kelappan in 1947 and in the United Kerala Conference held at Aluva after the independence.
-Consequently, the state of Thiru-Kochi was formed on 1 July 1949 by joining Travancore and Kochi.
-E M S Namboothiripad in his book, 'Onnekal Kodi Malayalikal,' placed the idea that the Kerala state was to be formed combining the Malayalam speaking regions.
-The Central Government set up the State Reorganization Commission as the protests demanding linguistic-based states were on the high.
-The state of Kerala came into existence on 1 November 1956 unifying Malabar, Kochi and Thriuvithamkur as per the recommendation of the Commission.
-Agastheeswaram, Thovala, Kalkulam, and Vilavancode Taluks under Travancore were merged with the Madras State.
-The Taluks of Kasaragod and Hosdurg in Southern Karnataka became part of Kerala.
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