STD 6 Social Science: Chapter 09 Medieval Kerala - Questions and Answers | Teaching Manual


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Chapter 09: Medieval Kerala - Questions and Answers & Model Questions
1. What are the important sources of the history of mediaeval Kerala?
Answer: Copper plates.

2. Write about the copper plates?
Answer: The copper plates with inscriptions were used as documents in ancient times. The official documents the chieftain gave to temples and tradesmen were mainly on such copper Plates. Therisappalli and Jewish Copper plates are examples. In some of the plates, the chieftain’s reigning Period is also recorded.

3. Perumals were also known as Charas and ____________.
Answer: Cheramas

4. Who was known as Perumals?
Answer:  A kingdom based at Mahodayapuram was established by the 9th century CE. The ruler of the kingdom was known as Perumals. 

5. Which places were known as Mahodayapuram during Perumal period?
Answer: The present Kodungallur and the surrounding areas were known
as Mahodayapuram in those days. 

6. Write down the socio-economic features of Nadus during the reign of Perumals?
Answer: The socioeconomic features are –
• Agriculture flourished in areas close to water resources.
• Brahmins established their power in agricultural villages.
• Temples developed as centres of power.
• The ownership of farmlands was vested with the Brahmins.
• Aaladiyars were the people who toiled in the soil.

7. Nadus came to be known as ___________________.
Answer: Naduvazhis

8. Who was known as Naduvazhis?
Answer: Those who established power over the Nadus came to be known as Naduvazhis.

9. The reign of the Perumals came to an end by ________________.
Answer: the 12 century

10. Who got the power to rule after the end of the reign of Perumals?  
Answer: The reign of the Perumals came to an end by the 12th century. Consequently, the chieftains, who were the local rulers under the Perumals, began to rule their respective Nadus independently.

11. Who were chieftains?
Answer: The local rulers under the Perumals

12. The region under the control of a chieftain was known as ____________.
Answer: Swaroopam

13. What was known as Swaroopam?
Answer: The region under the control of a chieftain was known as Swaroopam. The joint family of the chieftain was also known as Swaroopam. 

14. Who will become the ruler from the joint family of the chieftain known as Swaroopam?
Answer: The eldest member of the family became the ruler. 

15. Write the name of major Swaroopams?
Answer: Swaroopams was the region under the control of a chieftain. The major Swaroopams during the Medieval period were Trippappooru Swaroopam in Venad, Perumpadappu Swaroopam in Kochi, Nediyiruppu Swaroopam in Kozhikode and Kolaswaroopam in Chirakkal.

16. Can you guess the goods that were exchanged from Kerala?
Answer:
• Cardamom
• Ginger
• Pepper
• nutmeg
• clove
• Other spices

17. Goods from other lands also reached the markets of Kerala by trade. Which are they?
Answer:
• Clay pots
• Fishing net
• Silk

18. What is anchuvannam, manigramam?
Answer: They were the trade groups that existed in Kerala from The 9th to the 13th century CE. Coastal towns of Kerala were their major commercial centres.

19. Write some trade groups that existed during the Perumal Period?
Answer: Anchuvannam, Manigramam, etc. existed during the period.

20. What was the important source of income during the Perumal period?
Answer: Tax on trade was an important source of income during the period.

21. What are the factors that led to the strengthening the local trade during the medieval period?
Answer: Maritime trade attained tremendous progress during the medieval period. The demand for exported goods increased. This resulted in an increase in the cultivation of such crops in rural areas. These goods were exchanged in the markets. The development of markets helped in strengthening local trade.

22. What were the major markets of the mediaeval period?
Answer: Ananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Kozhikode and Panthalayani.

23. What were the major ports of Kerala during the Medieval period?
Answer: Kollam, Kochi, Kozhikode and Valapattanam.

24. What is manipravalam?
Answer: A new style of language evolved during the medieval period. It was a mixture of Sanskrit and old Malayalam. The newly developed style of language came to be known as Manipravalam. Several literary works were written in this style during the period.

25. List the items available in the markets during the Medieval period.
Answer: Silk, Cotton, perfumes, coir etc.

26. Are these items still available in your area?
Answer: Yes

27. Who is Ma Huan?
Answer: A Chinese traveller who visited Kerala during the mediaeval period.

28. Prepare a note on the 15th-century trade in Kozhikode collecting details from Ma Huan's description.
Answer: Kerala has trade contacts with China during the Medieval period.  when the ship carrying goods from China arrives at the port, a King's representative) and a broker will board the ship and list the goods. At last, a suitable day will be chosen to fix the prices of goods.  They gave more importance to silk cloths among these goods. They will fix a price that will not be changed under any circumstances. After fixing the price, the goods were exchanged with brokers.

29. Why is Kerala known as Malayaladesam?
Answer: People in Kerala speak Malayalam. Therefore, it is called Malayaladesam.

30. From which language did Malayalam develop?
Answer: It is generally believed that Malayalam has evolved from Tamil.
Sanskrit also has  greatly influenced the development of
Malayalam.

31. Which were the scripts used to write old Malayalam?
Answer: Vattezhuthu and Kolezhuthu were the scripts used to write old Malayalam.

32. What is Arabi Malayalam?
Answer: Arabi Malayalam is a hybrid language that was common among Muslims in Kerala. Arabic script was used to write this language.

33. The Mohiyudheen Mala written in Arabi Malayalam by _______________.
Answer: Quazi Muhammed

34. Puthanpana was written by whom?
Answer: Arnos pathiri

35. Who was a famous astronomer during the reign of the Perumals?
Answer: Sankaranarayanan.

36. Who was the name of the book written by Sankaranarayanan?
Answer: Sankaranayaneeyam.

37. What were the two important literary works on history during the Medieval period?
Answer: Mooshaka Vamsam and Tuhafat ul Mujahideen.

38. Observe the above picture. Which art forms are depicted in it?
Answer: Oppana, Margamkali, Kathakali, Ottamthullal, Koodiyattam

39. Why Koothu, Koodiyattom, and Kathakali were known as temple arts?
Answer: Koothu, Koodiyattom, and Kathakali were staged in the Koothambalam attached to temples.  Hence these art forms came to be known as temple arts. 

40. What is the stage where the temple arts are performed called?
Answer: Koothambalam

41. Why are the ritual arts considered more popular?
Answer: They were performed in Kavus which had wider public access. These ritual arts revolved around the triumph of the Goddess over evil and were more popular than temple arts.

42. Which works of literature contributed to the development of the Malayalam language?
Answer: It is generally believed that Malayalam has developed from Tamil. Sanskrit also play an important role for the development of Malayalam. Vattezhuthu and Kolezhuthu were the scripts used to write old Malayalam. Recall the Jewish copper plate written In Vattezhuthu script. Krishnagatha by Cherussery, Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu and Mahabharatham Kilippattu by Ezhuthachan, Thullal literature of Kunchan Nambiar, etc. contributed to the development of the Malayalam language.

43. What was known as Salais and Palli during the medieval period?
Answer: The centres of education during the period were attached to temples and were known as Salais. Those attached to Buddhist centres were known as Palli.

44. Write some Salais that existed in Kerala during the Medieval period?
Answer:
• Kanthaloor Salai
• Vizhinjam Salai
• Parthivasekharapuram Salai

45. Include the contributions of medieval Kerala in the field of knowledge to complete the diagram.
Answer:
Astronomy: Sankaranarayanan
Mathematics: Samgrama Madhavan 
Ayurveda: Ashtanga hridayam
History: Mooshaka Vamsam and Tuhafat Ul Mujahideen

Let us assess
1. Prepare a note on the social life during the period of the Perumals.
Answer:
• Agriculture flourished in areas close to water resources.
• Brahmins established their power in agricultural villages.
• Temples developed as centres of power.
• The ownership of farmlands was vested with the Brahmins.
• Aaladiyars were the people who toiled in the soil.

2. The development of villages in Kerala is closely connected to the spread of agriculture. Describe.
Answer: Agriculture flourished in areas close to water resources. Brahmins established their power in agricultural villages. Temples developed as centres of power. The ownership of farmlands was vested with the Brahmins. Aaladiyars were the people who toiled in the soil.  Besides farmers, there were many other occupational groups in villages. As agriculture became widespread, large areas of land called Nadu developed.

3. Prepare a note on the domestic and maritime trade in medieval Kerala.
Answer: Internal and external trade made great progress in Kerala during the medieval period. Goods like cardamom, ginger, and pepper were exchanged from Kerala. Goods from other lands also reached the markets of Kerala by trade. Goods like Clay pots, Fishing nets, and Silk, were imported to Kerala. Earlier, trade was carried out through the exchange of goods for goods. Later, goods began to be exchanged for money. Trade groups namely, Anchuvannam, Manigramam, etc. existed during the period. Realizing the importance of trade, the Perumals extended every help to the trade groups. Tax on trade was an important source of income during the period. Maritime trade attained tremendous progress during the medieval period. The demand for exported goods increased. It led to the development of local trade.

4. List the goods that were exported from Kerala and those imported during the medieval period.
Answer: The things exported from Kerala were majorly the spices like pepper, cardamom, ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, etc.
While the things imported were wine, silk, fishing nets, olive oil, clay and terracotta pots, etc.

5. Prepare a  note on the development of the Malayalam language and literature during the medieval period.
Answer: It is generally believed that Malayalam has developed from Tamil. Sanskrit also play an important role for the development of Malayalam. Vattezhuthu and Kolezhuthu were the scripts used to write old Malayalam. Krishnagatha by Cherussery, Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu and Mahabharatham Kilippattu by Ezhuthachan, Thullal literature of Kunchan Nambiar, etc. contributed to the development of the Malayalam language.
The Mohiyudheen Mala written in Arabi Malayalam by Quazi Muhammed in the 17th century and Puthanpana written by Arnos Pathiri in the 18th century enriched the language. Besides these, the Vadakkanpattu, Tekkanpattu, and Thozhilpatttu also contributed to the popularity of Malayalam.

6. Write a note on the achievements of Kerala in the field of knowledge in the medieval period.
Answer:  Medieval Kerala had gained much progress in the field of knowledge. Sankaranarayanan was a famous astronomer during the reign of the Perumals. He has authored Sankaranarayaneeyam, a book on Astronomy. The contributions of Samgrama Madhavan to Mathematics gained worldwide acclaim. Ashtanga hridayam on Ayurveda was also written during this period. The two important literary works on history, Mooshaka Vamsam and Tuhafat UI Mujahideen were also written during the medieval period.





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