Kerala Syllabus Class 7 Social Science: Chapter 11 Against Discrimination - Questions and Answers | Teaching Manual 


Questions and Answers for Class 7 Social Science (English Medium) വിവേചനത്തിനെതിരെ | Text Books Solution Social Science (English Medium) Chapter 11 Against Discrimination - Teaching Manual | Teachers Handbook
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Std 7: Social Science Chapter 11: Against Discrimination - Questions and Answers
♦ Who practised racial discrimination in South Africa?
• The British

♦ In which situation would Nelson Mandela have to undergo such a trial?
• Nelson Mandela was the person who fought for the emancipation of the South Africans who were oppressed because of their race for centuries. He had to suffer imprisonment for three decades, for fighting for the freedom of his country and its people. 

♦ Find out the continent in which South Africa is situated.
Africa 

♦ What are the geographical features of South Africa?
• South Africa is a country that is located at the southernmost tip of the African continent sharing its borders with the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. 
• South Africa has its own diverse geographical features. Broad coastal lands, vast plains and plateaus, lofty mountain ranges, great rivers, waterfalls and dry deserts make this country unique. 

♦ What attracted the Europeans to South Africa?
The wealth from inland agrarian lands and mines, weather and human resources attracted the Europeans to South Africa. 

♦ Between which latitude and longitude is South Africa situated?
South Africa is situated between 22°S and 35°S latitude and 16°E and 33°E longitude.

♦ Which countries share border with South Africa?
• Namibia to the northwest.
• Botswana and Zimbabwe to the north.
• Mozambique to the northeast.
• Eswatini (Swaziland) to the east.

♦ Identify the location, capital, major cities and historically important sites of South Africa using digital map
● Location: South Africa is situated between 22°S and 35°S latitude and 16°E and 33°E longitude.

● Capital: South Africa has three branches of government and a capital city for each. The administrative capital of South Africa is Pretoria, the legislative capital is Cape Town, and the judicial capital is Bloemfontein.

● Major cities: Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria, Port Elizabeth, Bloemfontein

● Historically important sites: Robben Island, Apartheid Museum, Castle of Good Hope, Cradle of Humankind, District Six Museum, Freedom Park, Voortrekker Monument, Nelson Mandela Capture Site, Pinnacle Point Caves, Company’s Garden

♦ The place situated at the southernmost tip of the African continent, on the shores of the Atlantic?
The Cape of Good Hope

♦ Why is the southernmost tip of the African continent known as the "Cape of Good Hope"?
To reach the countries in the Asian continent like India, the Europeans had to sail through the Atlantic Ocean, encircling the African Continent. As this cape gave the navigators the hope to reach Asia, it was named Cape of Good Hope.

♦ What is Colonisation?
Colonisation is the political, social, economic and cultural domination and control of one country over another region and its people.
♦ Who are the first inhabitants of South Africa?
The first inhabitants of South Africa were tribal people who belonged to the groups San and Xhosa.

♦ When did the Europeans start their expeditions to South Africa?
15th century

♦ Which is the major Dutch colony in South Africa?
Cape Town

♦ What were the reasons that Britain tried to colonize South Africa?
They decided to make South Africa their colony with the aim to acquire more land areas in different parts of the world, to capture the immense wealth of Africa, to establish supremacy over other European countries and to make it a temporary point of halt on their journey to the Asian continent. 

♦ Who are the Boers?
Boers are the descendants of the Dutch (Netherlands), French and the Germans who came to South Africa from Europe.

♦ What is the meaning of the Dutch word Boer?
Farmer 

♦ How were Bowers known in later times?
Afrikaner 

♦ How is the language and culture of Africans known?
Afrikaans

♦ How did the colonisation projects of the British affect the Boers?
• Restrictions were imposed on Dutch language.
• English was made the sole language of Cape Colony.
• British abolished slavery in their colonies. 
• This adversely affected the Boers who used slaves to cultivate their lands.
♦ What is Great Trek?
The Great Trek is the exodus of the Boers to the interior areas of South Africa to escape from such policies introduced by the British.

♦ Where did the Boers establish republics after the Great Trek? 
Following the Great Trek, the Boers established Republics in Transvaal, Orange  Free State and Natal. 

♦ What are the circumstances that became the causes of the Boer Wars that changed the history of South Africa?
Towards the end of the 19th century, mines of gold and diamond were discovered in the regions under the Boer Republics. Thus, South Africa became the largest producers of gold and diamond. The Boer wars started when Britain attempted to merge the Boer Republic with the British colonies. 

♦ What were the main causes and outcomes of the First Boer War?
Britain captured Transvaal to extend their reign to more regions. Following this, the First Boer war started (1880-81). The Boers won the battle and formed the Republic of South Africa, merging Transvaal and the nearby regions.
 
♦ What were the main causes and outcomes of the Second Boer War?
Disputes over the asset from the gold mines and the control over them led to the Second Boer War. The Boer administrators instituted tax on the gold mines. The British demanded the right to vote for their labourers in the mines. When this demand was denied by the Republican administrators, the armed struggle – the most destructive war in the history of South Africa, started. The British army defeated the Boer republics in this battle.

♦ Britain's sovereignty was recognized by the Bowers in which treaty?       
The Treaty of Vereeniging

♦ What were the results of the Boer Wars?
• As per the Treaty of Vereeniging, the Boers approved the sovereign of
Britain. 
• The Union of South Africa was formed as an autonomous territory under the control of the British. 
• Based on the new constitution implemented by the Union of South Africa, the British and Afrikaners got high consideration. 
• The fundamental rights of the black people were denied. 

♦ When did Mahatma Gandhi come to South Africa? 
1893

♦ Prepare an analytical note about Gandhiji’s opinion on the racial discrimination prevailed in South Africa including the methods of strike adopted by him.
• In the ‘Indian Opinion,’ a daily started by Gandhiji, in Africa, he wrote about the discrimination of the colonial administration towards the Africans, thus: “Africans alone are the original inhabitants of this land. The whites have occupied the country forcibly and appropriated it to themselves.”
• Gandhiji participated in the voluntary activities to extend help to the ones who underwent sufferings in the Second Boer war. 
• It was here that Gandhiji experimented the weapons of satyagraha, non-cooperation and civil disobedience. 
• South Africa is known as ‘Gandhiji’s Political Laboratory.’ 

♦ What methods of struggle did Gandhiji experiment in South Africa?
• Satyagraha
• Non-cooperation 
• Violation of law

♦ The Newspaper started by Gandhiji in South Africa?
'Indian Opinion'
♦ Make a note on the circumstances that led to the formation of the African National Congress.
• The South African Party led by the Whites came to power in the first election after South Africa became an autonomous territory under the control of Britain.
• They brought in laws in the housing, administration and industrial sectors which would affect the people. 
• The racial differentiation between the blacks and the whites got intensified. 
• People were denied the freedom of movement and the right to education. 
• The organisation, the African Native National Congress formed to protect the rights of the people of Africa was later came to be known as the African National Congress. 

♦ What are the oppressive laws and their consequences in South Africa during the tenure of different governments?
● The Mines and Works Regulations Act: Skilled works were reserved only for the whites.

● Natives Land Act: The blacks were allocated special areas called ‘reserves’ and were not allowed to purchase land in other areas.

● The Natives [Urban Areas] Act: Blacks were restricted from entering cities.

● Separate Representation of Voters Act: Blacks were removed from the general voters’ list. 

♦ The leader of South Africa's independence movement?
Nelson Mandela

♦ Nelson Mandela 
Nelson Mandela was born on 18th July 1918 in the Thempu royal family in Transky province of South Africa. His name was Rolihlahla. His father was Gadla Henry Mandela, the head of Madiba clan and mother Noskenny Fanny. After primary education, he got educated in South African Tribal Heritage and Culture, and later passed the degree in Law.  

♦ What could be the reason the teacher gave Nelson Mandela for the new name instead of the name given by his parents?
The practice of renaming African children with European names during the apartheid era was a deliberate attempt by the white colonial government to assimilate them into a society governed by white rules, effectively eroding their cultural identity. 

♦ What are the oppressions the South African people had to face?
• Apartheid
• Special pass to travel
• Denied of employment  
• Denied the right to vote
• Denial of right to education

♦ Which youth organization was founded by Nelson Mandela?
African National Congress Youth League

♦ Who were the major leaders worked along with Nelson Mandela?
Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo and Desmond Tutu.

♦ What is Apartheid?
• The social order that discriminated the blacks racially and economically is known as apartheid due to which the whites in South Africa got high consideration. 
• The National Party that came to power in 1948 legally enforced racial separation and discrimination and legalised the apartheid. 

♦ What were the laws that were introduced for executing the apartheid? 
● Native Pass Law Act: The blacks needed special passes for moving from one place to another.

● Group Areas and Segregation Act: People were transported to different locations based on race. This was known as the Great Apartheid.

● Population Registration Act: Identity card was made compulsory for all who completed 18 years of age.

● Home Land System Bantu Authorities Act: The blacks became citizens of special local self-government bodies and hence lost their South African citizenship.

● Reservation of Separate Amenities Act: Signboards were installed in public places such as grounds, beaches, buses, hospitals, schools, parks, etc. 

● The Bantu Education Act: The blacks were restricted to undergo traditional education only.

♦ What happened to the people of South Africa when the whites implemented inhumane laws?
With the implementation of inhuman laws, the people of South Africa were denied the right to vote, governance and education.

♦ What were the reasons that led to the freedom movement in South Africa?
• Colonisation and apartheid adversely affected the life of the people of South Africa.
• The blacks of South Africa faced political, economic and cultural downfall.
• Though the national economy grew rapidly, the native population struggled to meet even their basic needs. 

♦ Who were the participants that joined the struggle following the exhortation of the South African Indian Congress and African National Congress?
factory workers, office workers, teachers and students joined the struggle. 
♦ The ‘Stay-at-home’ was a major struggle in the history of the freedom struggle of South Africa. Why?
A new mode of struggle named ‘Stay-at-home’ was organised demanding the right to vote, a constitution without apartheid and the retrieval of ‘Pass Laws.’ The African National Congress and the South African Indian Congress led the struggles. Native and Indian workers took part in the struggle. The factories, textile mills and schools across the country remained shut. This strike revealed the unity and strength of the anti-apartheid movement. 

♦ How did the government punish Nelson Mandela for calling for armed rebellion?
Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment for sabotage, treason and conspiracy in 1964. He had to suffer rigorous imprisonment in the Robben Island and Paulsmoor Jail for a continuous 26 years. 

♦ What was the resolution passed by the United Nations against apartheid?
"Apartheid is an offence against humanity"

♦ When was Nelson Mandela released from prison?
On February 11, 1990 

♦ When was apartheid policy abolished?
1991

♦ When was Nelson Mandela elected as the first black President of the free, democratic South African Republic? 
1994




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