Kerala Syllabus STD 6 Social Science: Chapter 01 Early Humans and Civilizations - Questions and Answers | Teaching Manual


Study Notes for Class 6 Social Science - Early Humans and Civilizations | Text Books Solution Social Science (English Medium) Chapter 1 ആദിമമനുഷ്യരും സംസ്കാരങ്ങളും | Teaching Manual & Teachers Handbook | പഠന സഹായികൾ അയക്കാൻ താല്പര്യമുള്ളവർ ഈ നമ്പറിൽ വാട്സാപ്പ് ചെയ്യുക: 9497346250.

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Chapter 01: Early Humans and Civilizations - Questions and Answers & Model Questions
♦ What you have read is a passage from Jawaharlal Nehru's book, "Letters from a Father to His Daughter". What is the historical remain that Jawaharlal Nehru mentions here?
Answer: Primitive man's skull

♦ Where was it obtained from?
Answer: Heidelberg in Germany

♦ -- ------- are important sources that help us learn about the history of early humans. 
Answer: Human fossils 

♦ How is the history of human origin and evolution written?
Answer: By scientifically calculating the age of such human fossils that the history of the origin and evolution of humans is written.

♦ Who proposed a scientific view of the origin of humans?
Answer: Charles Darwin 

♦ What is evolution?
Answer: Charles Darwin suggested that humans have originated through organic changes that took place over a long period of time. He called this process evolution. 

♦ Through which book did Charles Darwin present his theory of human evolution?
Answer: He presented the Theory of Human Evolution in his book 'On the Origin of Species', published in 1859.

♦ Whom does human evolution begin with?
Answer: Human evolution began from primates, a category of mammals. 

♦ What are the subgroups of Homo?
Answer: Homo habilis, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens were the subgroups of Homo. 

♦ What category of human species do we belong to?
Answer: Homo sapiens. 

♦ Complete the table, including the various stages of human evolution and their characteristics.
Human species Features
• Primates • A category of mammals 
• Hominoids• .................................
• .......................• Walked on two legs
• Homo habilis• ...............................
• .......................• The Upright humans
• Homo sapiens• .................................
Answer:
Human species Features
• Primates • A category of mammals 
• Hominoids• Walked on four legs
• Hominids• Walked on two legs
• Homo habilis• The tool makers
• Homo erectus • The Upright humans
• Homo sapiens• The wise or thinking man
♦ What is the Stone Age?
Answer: Early humans lived in the forests. They lived by gathering fruits and vegetables and hunting animals to eat their meat. They used uough stones from their surroundings as weapons. Since stones were used as weapons, this period is called the Stone Age. 
♦ Based on the development achieved over time in weapons and tools made of stones, the Stone Age can be divided into three stages. What are they?
Answer: 
• Palaeolithic Age
• Mesolithic Age
• Neolithic Age

♦ What are the characteristics of the various Stone Age periods?
Answer: 
i. Palaeolithic Age
• First phase of Stone Age
• Used rough stones as tools
• Gathering and hunting as a means of livelihood

ii. Mesolithic Age
• Used smaller fine stone tools
• Used edible grasses and fish as food
• Animal skin, bark of trees and leaves used for clothing

iii. Neolithic Age
• Used more refined and polished stone tools
• Agriculture started
• Invented wheel and started making pottery

♦ In which Stone Age did agriculture begin?
Answer: Neolithic period. 

♦ What are the circumstances that led humans to settle permanently?
Answer: 
• As humans started farming, it became necessary for them to settle near the farmlands. 
• They settled near their farms to maintain the crops, protect the fields from wild animals and to care for their domesticated animals.

♦ What all changes might settled life have brought about in humans? 
Answer: 
• Dwellings began to be built 
• People began to interact more with each other, and marked the beginning of organised social life
• Settlements gradually developed into villages and urban centres 

♦ Observe the pictures given below. What materials are they made of?
Answer: 
• Figure 1 - Stones 
• Figure 2 - Metals

♦ Which was the first metal used by humans? 
Answer: Copper was the first metal used by humans.

♦ What is the Metal Age?
Answer: The period when humans used weapons and tools made of metals is called the Metal Age. 

♦ What is the Bronze Age?
Answer: 
• Since copper was not strong enough for tilling the soil and cutting trees, they mixed copper and tin to make a harder and stronger alloy called bronze. 
• The period when weapons and tools made of bronze were used is known as the Bronze Age.

♦ What changes did the use of bronze bring to human life?
Answer: 
• Bronze tools helped in expanding agricultural land. 
• The expansion of agricultural land led to an increase in agricultural production.
• The increase in agricultural production paved the way for the exchange of products and the development of centres of exchange.
• The centres of exchange later transformed into towns and cities.

♦ Compare and prepare a table on the features of human life in the Stone Age and the Bronze Age. 
Answer: 
Human life in the Stone Age Human life in the Bronze Age
• Stone tools• Bronze tools 
• Agriculture started• Expanding agriculture
• Invented the wheel• Centres were established for product exchange
• Started making pottery• Cities and towns were formed
♦ What were theAnswer:  major civilizations that emerged during the Bronze Age?
• Mesopotamian culture 
• Harappan culture 
• Egyptian culture 
• Chinese culture
♦ Identify the river valleys where the major Bronze Age civilizations developed and complete the table. 
Civilizations Rivers
• Mesopotamian culture • 
• Egyptian culture • 
• Harappan culture • 
• Chinese culture• 
Answer: 
Civilizations Rivers
• Mesopotamian culture • Euphrates, Tigris
• Egyptian culture • Nile River
• Harappan culture • Indus River
• Chinese culture• Hoyang Ho
♦ Why did Bronze Age civilizations form in river valleys? 
Answer: 
• Fertile soil
• Availability of water
• Favourable climate

♦ Between which rivers is Mesopotamia located?
Answer: This region lies between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers.

♦ What does the word "Mesopotamia" mean?
Answer: The word 'Mesopotamia' means 'the land between rivers'. 

♦ Mesopotamia is part of which country today?
Answer: This region is presently a part of Iraq. 

♦ Which cultures combined to form the Mesopotamian civilization?
Answer: Mesopotamian civilization consisted of four different civilizations, which were Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Chaldean. 

♦ Who were the first people who contributed to the development of urban life in Mesopotamia? 
Answer: The Sumerians were the first people who contributed to the development of urban life in Mesopotamia. 

♦ Which are the major cities of Mesopotamian civilization? 
Answer: The major cities of Mesopotamian civilization were Ur, Uruk, Lagash, and so on. 

♦ What was the writing system of the Mesopotamians known as?
Answer: Cuneiform. 

♦ Write a note on Cuneiform script 
Answer: 
• Cuneiform script was developed by the Sumerians 
• It was a wedge-shaped pictographic script
• It was written on clay tablets
• They used a pointed reed stylus to write on clay tablets

♦ Tabulate the contributions of the Mesopotamians.
Answer: 
Science and Mathematics Laws
• Lunar calendar• Laws were codified for the first time during the reign Sumerian ruler Dungi
• Calculate the solar and lunar eclipses• The code of Hammurabi is the revised form of these laws
• Division and Multiplication
♦ In which region did the Egyptian civilization flourish? 
Egyptian civilization flourished in the Nile Valley. 

♦ The main city of the Egyptian civilisation was ................
Cairo. 

♦ What were the kings of Egypt known as?
The Egyptian kings were known as 'Pharaohs'. 

♦ The main feature of the Egyptian civilization is the -------------.
Pyramids
♦ Why is Egypt called the 'Gift of the Nile'?
Agriculture was the main livelihood of the people. Wheat, barley, millet, fruits, flax, cotton, and so on grew abundantly in the Nile River basin. This agricultural prosperity facilitated the development of a civilization in the Nile Valley. Hence, Egypt is called the 'Gift of the Nile'.

♦ What was the Egyptian writing system called?
Hieroglyphics

♦ What are the features of Egyptian writing?
• Hieroglyphics was the script of the ancient Egyptians
• The word Hieroglyphics means 'sacred writing'
• This script was a combination of signs and letters
• It is read from right to left

♦ Prepare a note on the achievements in the Science of Egyptian culture.
• Mathematics and Medical Science achieved significant advancements in Egypt. 
• The Egyptians laid the foundation of geometry in Mathematics. 
• Addition and subtraction were their contributions. 
• Their solar calendar consisted of twelve months of thirty days each, and an added five days to complete a year of 365 days.

♦ On which riverbank did Chinese civilization originate?
Chinese civilization originated along the banks of river Hwang-Ho.

♦ Prepare a note on the characteristics of Chinese Civilization.
• Chinese civilization originated along the banks of river Hwang- Ho. • Agriculture was the foundation of this civilization as well. 
• They were also experts in weaving, pottery, and silk production. 
• They made excellent bronze sculptures.
• The Chinese had a writing system since ancient times. 
• The pictographic script, that used pictures instead of letters, was common. Gradually, they developed symbols to use in place of pictures. • That script still exists in China with modifications. 

♦ Find out the features of the writing systems that existed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China and complete the table.
♦ Which civilization existed in the Indus Valley during the Bronze Age?
Harappan Civilization

♦ Prepare a note on the Harappan Civilization.
• The Harappan Civilization was a civilization that existed in the Indus Valley during the Bronze Age. 
• It is generally considered to have existed from about 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. 
• Harappa was the first city to be discovered. That is why this civilization is called the Harappan Civilization. 
• Since it emerged in the Indus Valley, it is also known as the Indus Valley Civilization. 

♦ Which civilization is called the first urbanization in India? why?
• Harappan Civilization
• This civilization developed around urban centres. Therefore, this civilization is termed as the first urbanization in India.

♦ Find out and list the major cities of the Harappan civilization. 
• Mohenjodaro
• Harappa 
• Lothal 
• Kalibangan

♦ Prepare a note on the town planning of the Harappan civilization.
• The main feature of the Harappan civilization was town planning. 
• They built houses on both sides of the streets. 
• They used burnt bricks for the purpose of construction. 
• The drainage system was another important feature of the Harappan civilization. 
• The cities and drains were planned in such a way that the wastewater from the houses was drained out of the city through the drains in the streets.
♦ What were the special features of the Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro?
• Mohenjo-Daro was the major city of the Harappan civilisation. 
• The Great Bath is the most distinctive structure of this city. 
• There were flights of steps on both sides to enter this tank and it had bathrooms. 
• There was also arrangement for filling fresh water and draining out waste water.

♦ What was the main livelihood of the Harappan people? What evidence do we have regarding it?
• Agriculture was the main livelihood of the Harappan people. 
• Evidences of rice cultivation have  been found from sites like Rangpur and Lothal in Gujarat. 
• The granary is the most significant historical remain found in Harappa. It was used to store and preserve grains.
  
♦ Observe the pictures given below.
What details about the handicraft of the Harappans can be obtained from these pictures? Find out and complete the concept map
♦ Prepare a note on the handicraft of the Harappan people.
• The Harappans were skilled in handicrafts.
• Necklaces, bracelets and earrings made of gold, silver, beads and shells were widely used.
• They made seals from clay and stones. 
• The toys, clay pots and bronze statues found in Harappan cities all show the artistic skills of the Harappan people.

♦ What are the features of the writing system of the Harappan people?
• Harappan people had their own writing system. 
• They used symbols instead of letters to write. 
• Their art of writing is mostly found on seals.

♦ What are the reasons for the decline of the Harappan civilization?
• Climate change
• Excessive use of land  
• Frequent floods
• Deforestation
 
♦ Identify the features of Bronze Age civilizations and complete the table below.


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