Kerala Syllabus STD 6 Social Science: Chapter 02 Early States - Questions and Answers | Teaching Manual


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Chapter 02: Early States - Questions and Answers & Model Questions
♦ You have listened to Athena's description. What are the details you have got from it?
• Olympics started in ancient Greece 
• Democracy originated in the Greek city-state of Athens.
• Greece is located in southeastern Europe.
• Greece is rich in diverse geographical features.

♦ Prepare a note on the Greek city-states.
• In ancient Greece, villages were the main settlements. 
• As agriculture and trade developed, cities were formed. 
• Eventually, a city and a number of surrounding villages came together and began to transform into city-states. These city-states were known as 'Polis'. 
• Seas or high mountains separated these city-states of ancient Greece from each other.

♦ What were the city-states of Greece known as?
'Polis'

♦ Identify and write down the major city-states that existed in ancient Greece.
• Thebes 
• Corinth 
• Athens 
• Sparta

♦ What is the name of the system by which the people elect their rulers through collective decision or voting?
Democracy

♦ Compare the characteristics of Athens and Sparta.
i. Athens
• The initial form of democracy originated in the Greek city-state of Athens. 
• All men having citizenship in Athens participated in electing rulers and making laws.
• Women, slaves and foreigners did not have citizenship status. 
• The political body of Athens was known as the 'Assembly'. 
• A system of education that gave importance to art and culture  
• Two years of compulsory military service for boys
• A strong navy and military 

ii. Sparta
• Sparta had an aristocratic rule. 
• The education system that existed in Sparta emphasised traditional values and military training. 
• Boys were required to serve in the military for twenty-three years.

♦ During whose time did democracy begin to expand in Athens?
Pericles

♦ The Greco-Persian Wars
The Persian Empire, which was hostile to the Greek city-states, was invaded and conquered by a combined army of Athens and Sparta. These wars are known as the Greco-Persian Wars.

♦ Peloponnesian War
Sparta, which became hostile to Athens, formed an alliance with certain city-states and waged war against Athens. In this war, known as the
Peloponnesian War, Sparta emerged victorious.

♦ Tabulate the contributions of the Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Socrates PlatoAristotle
• Emphasized that “knowledge is virtue”• Disciple of Socrates• A student of Plato at the 'Academy'
• Propagated ideas through the method of logical discussion (Socratic method)• Founded a study centre called the 'Academy' • Established the study centre called the 'Lyceum'

• Famous work 'The Republic'. • Author of the book 'Politics'.
♦ You have listened to Jahan's description who represented Iran in the cultural exchange programme.
♦ What are the ideas that we get from Jahan’s description?
• Iran has Persian cultural heritage.
• Different geographical territories were part of this empire. 
• Persepolis was the capital of this empire. 
♦ Who were the prominent rulers of the Persian Empire? 
• Cyrus 
• Darius I 
• Xerxes

♦ What were the characteristics of the Persian Administrative System?
• The vast empire was divided into several satrapies (provinces) for administrative convenience
• These 'satrapies' were under governors known as 'satraps'
• These satraps enforced the laws and tax systems of the king in the satrapies

♦ Where did Zoroastrian philosophy originate?
Persia 

♦ Who was the founder of Zoroastrian philosophy?
Zoroaster

♦ What were the characteristics of Zoroastrian philosophy?
• Founded by Zoroaster
• Believed in one God called Ahura Mazda
• Zend-Avesta was the religious text

♦ Note down the information got from Elena’s description of ancient Rome
• Rome is considered the birthplace of western civilization 
• Rome was a monarchy.
• In the 6th century BCE, the monarchy ended, and a new system of government called the 'Republic' came into existence in Rome.
• The rise of the 'Republic' was a major turning point in the history of ancient Rome.

♦ In the Roman Republic instead of  a king, governance was entrusted to elected officials known as ---------------
Consuls

♦ Who was the 'consul' who ended the republican system and assumed power as a dictator in Rome?
Julius Caesar 

♦ During whose reign did the Roman Republic fully transform into the Roman Empire?
Augustus

♦ What were the Features of the Roman Empire?
• The Roman Empire was a vast empire that spread across Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia  
• The Roman emperors were known as 'Princep' (the first citizen)
• The system of governance led by the Princep was called the 'Principate' 
• Augustus established the 'Principate' governing system
• There was a strong army that did service for  regular wages

♦ What are the cultural contributions of Rome?
• Contributions of Rome remain in areas, such as language, literature, art and urban planning. 
• The Aqueducts which are arched canals built to supply water and vast and open venue called Colosseum are the cultural contributions of Rome.
♦ Make a note on the different administrative systems that existed in Rome.
• Rome was a monarchy.
• In the 6th century BCE, the monarchy ended, and a new system of government called the 'Republic' came into existence in Rome.
• In the Roman Republic, instead of a king, governance was entrusted to elected officials known as consuls.
• In 1st century BCE, Julius Caesar, who held the office of consul, ended the republican system and assumed power as a dictator. 
• During the reign of Augustus that the Roman Republic transitioned
completely into Roman empire. With this the emperor became the supreme ruler.

♦ Based on Vivan’s description, identify the historical pathways that indicate the growth of "Janapadas" and complete the worksheet given below.
Worksheet
♦ ''The period of the Mahajanapadas is known as the 'Second Urbanization' in India.'' Why?
Fertile river banks and abundant forests made certain "Janapadas" more powerful. The stronger Janapadas which conquered neighbouring Janapadas evolved into “Mahajanapadas". This period of Mahajanapadas is known as the 'Second Urbanization' in India.

♦ In the 6th century BCE, among the sixteen Mahajanapadas, ---------- became a prominent force.
Magadha

♦ What are the factors that helped Magadha's emergence as a prominent Mahajanapada?
• Powerful rulers and strong military
• Fertility resulting from proximity to the Ganges and its tributaries
• Presence of iron ore, Manufacture and use of iron weapons and tools
• Progress in agriculture and trade

♦ What were the capitals of Magadha?
Initially, Rajagriha (Rajgir in Bihar) and later Pataliputra (Patna) served as the capitals of Magadha.

♦ Who established the Maurya kingdom?
Chandragupta Maurya

♦ Prepare a note on how Magadha, which was a Mahajanapada, grew into a powerful Maurya kingdom.
• In 321 BCE, Chandragupta Maurya defeated Dhanananda, the ruler of Magadha and captured power.
• It was Chandragupta Maurya who established the Maurya kingdom by annexing nearby regions to Magadha. 
• It was Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, his minister, who helped Chandragupta Maurya to transform Magadha into an expansive kingdom and establish an efficient administrative system.
• Asoka, the eminent Mauryan ruler, expanded the kingdom further by conquering regions like Kashmir and Kalinga (present-day coastal Odisha).

♦ What were the two philosophies that developed in ancient India?
• Jainism. 
• Buddhism

♦ Jainism
• Jainism was propagated by Vardhamana Mahavira. 
• He was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. 
• He is also known as 'Jina,' meaning "the conqueror of worldly desires."

♦ Who spread Jainism?
Vardhamana Mahavira
♦ Buddhism 
• Buddhism was was founded by Gautama Buddha.
• His original name was Siddhartha. 
• After attaining enlightenment at Bodh Gaya in Bihar, he came to be known as Gautama Buddha.

♦ Prepare a note on the common characteristics of the ideals of Jainism and Buddhism.
Ideals of Jainism:
• All things have life 
• No living things should be harmed (Ahimsa)
• Do not steal, do not lie
• Practice Right Belief, Right Knowledge,  Right Action (Tri-Ratna)

Ideals of Buddhism:
• Do not harm others
• Do not lie
• Be honest
• Do not covet others' wealth



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