Kerala Syllabus STD 6 Social Science: Chapter 08 Towards South Indian History - Questions and Answers | Teaching Manual

Study Notes for Class 6 Social Science - Towards South Indian History | Text Books Solution Social Science (English Medium) Chapter 8 ദക്ഷിണേന്ത്യൻ ചരിത്രത്തിലേക്ക് | Teaching Manual & Teachers Handbook | പഠന സഹായികൾ അയക്കാൻ താല്പര്യമുള്ളവർ ഈ നമ്പറിൽ വാട്സാപ്പ് ചെയ്യുക: 9497346250. 
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Chapter 08: Towards South Indian History - Questions and Answers & Model Question
♦ What are the historical remains described in Richu's travelogue?
• Kudakkallu     
• Thoppikkallu  
• Muniyara

♦ Prepare a note on the Megalithic Age.
Kudakkallu (umbrella stone), Thoppikkallu (cap stone), and Muniyaras (dolmens) made of granite and laterite are known as Megalithic Monuments. Since these are made of huge stones or stone slabs they are called Megalithic Monuments. The period during which these stone monuments were built is known as the 'Megalithic Age'. 

♦ What are the important Megalithic sites in South India?
Marayoor, Cheramanangad, Kuppakkolli and Mangad in Kerala, Adichanallur in Tamil Nadu, Brahmagiri in Karnataka, and Nagarjunakonda in Andhra Pradesh are important Megalithic sites in South India.

♦ Which are the Megalithic Monuments
• Kudakkallu     
• Thoppikkallu  
• Nattukallu (Menhirs)
• Muniyara
• Kallara (Cist)

♦ What are megalithic monuments?
• Megalithic monuments are associated with ancient burial practices. 
• Such stone monuments were constructed for burying the remains of the dead. 
• Along with the remains of the dead, ornaments, weapons, tools, vessels, and coins that they used were also found from Megalithic monuments.

♦ Why is the Megalithic Age known as the Iron Age?
Since numerous iron tools were found in Megalithic monuments, this period is also known as the Iron Age. 

♦ Complete the given worksheet related to Megalithic monuments in South India.
Answer:
• Major Megalithic sites:• Kerala - Marayoor
• Tamil Nadu - Adichanallur
• Andhra Pradesh - Nagarjunakonda
• Karnataka - Brahmagiri 
• Major Megalithic monuments in South India• Kudakkallu     
• Thoppikkallu  
• Nattukallu
• Muniyara
• Things buried with remains of the dead.• Weapons
• Tools 
• Vessels
• Ornaments
• Coins
♦ Find and list the main iron tools of the megalithic period
• Knife
• Sword
• Sickle
• Spearhead
• Tripod
• Lamps 

♦ What helped agricultural progress during the Megalithic Age?
• The use of iron helped in the agricultural progress of the Megalithic Age.

♦ ------------ is the creation of people who progressed from food gathering to food production.
Megalithic culture 

♦ Observe the map provided on page 114 of the textbook (Map 8.1). Which present-day states do the coloured regions of the map represent?
• Karnataka
• Tamil Nadu
• Kerala
• Andhra Pradesh
♦ What are the main historical sources providing information about ancient Tamizhakam? 
• The main historical sources providing information about ancient Tamizhakam are pazhamthamizhpattukal (ancient Tamil songs), coins, travelogues, inscriptions and so on. 
• Among these, more information can be found in the Sangam literature, a collection of ancient Tamil songs.

♦ What is the Sangam Literature?
• The Sangams were groups of Tamil poets centred around Madurai. 
• These Sangams collected and preserved the songs of the singers of that time. 
• These songs are referred to as 'Sangam works', and this period is called the 'Sangam Age'.

♦ What are the important Sangam literary works?
• Kurumtokai
• Nattinai
• Akananuru
• Pathittupathu

♦ List the main sources of information about ancient Tamizhakam.
• Sangam works 
• Tirukural
• Silappadikaram
• Manimekalai

♦ How do ancient Tamil songs, including Sangam works, reflect the social life of people in ancient Tamizhakam?"
The ancient Tamil songs have references to social life, agriculture, cattle rearing, salt extraction, and the exchange of goods.

♦ What are the features of the socio-economic life during the Sangam Age?
Social Life:
• There existed a social division based on occupation.
• There were no social discriminations.
• Gender equality existed.
Economic Life:
• Agriculture was the main livelihood. Cattle rearing, fishing, and hunting were other livelihoods.
• There existed trade relations with foreign countries.
• Pepper and other spices were the main items bought by foreigners. They brought here copper, silver, gold, etc., with them. 

♦ Prepare a note comparing the social life of Sangam Age with contemporary social life.
It must be said that the social life on the Sangam Age was similar to contemporary life. In the Sangam Age, there existed a social division based on occupation. There were no social discriminations. At the same time, gender equality existed. Today's society does not accept distinctions based on occupation or any other factors. Modern society maintains gender equality by ensuring the participation of women in all sectors.

♦ Prepare a note on Tinais
• Sangam works mention five geographical divisions based on its terrain, which existed in ancient Tamizhakam. These are known as 'Aintinais'. 
• The lifestyle and livelihoods of the people in each Tinai varied according to its geographical features. 
• The resources produced in each Tinai were exchanged with other Tinais. • Exchange of resources led to the formation of trade centres. These trade centres were known as Angadis (markets).

♦ What are the 'Aintinais' (five tinais) in the Sangam literature?
• Kurinchi
• Mullai
• Palai
• Marutham
• Neythal
♦ Observe the map provided on page 114 of the textbook (Map 8.1). Identify from the map who governed each region in ancient Tamizhakam. 
• Cheras
• Cholas
• Pandyas

♦ Who were the rulers of ancient Tamizhakam?
• The Chera, Chola and Pandya who ruled ancient Tamizhakam were collectively known as  'Muvendar' or 'Muvarasar'. 
• Although many ruling powers existed in Tamizhakam, the Muvendar had an authoritative position. 
• These kings were referred to as Ko, Kon, and Kadumko.
♦ Observe the Map (Map 8.1 on Page 114 of the textbook) and list the Muvendar and their capitals.
Muvendar Capital
• Cheras• Vanchi
• Cholas • Uraiyur
• Pandyas• Madurai
♦ After the Sangha Age, the regions that came under the control of the Cheras later came under whose rule?
Perumal rule

♦ Which was the centre of administration of the Perumals?
Mahodayapuram (Makotai), near present-day Kodungallur. 

♦ Who were known as the 'Later Cheras'?
Perumals 

♦ What titles did the kings of Mahodayapuram adopt?
The kings of Mahodayapuram adopted titles such as 'Perumal', 'Cheraman' and 'Kulasekhara'.

♦ Prepare a note on Perumal Administration
• During the Perumal rule, the kingdom was divided into various Nadus. • The Nadus were further divided into Desams, and Desams into Karas. • The Nadus were administered by Naduvazhis, and the Desams were administered by Desavazhis. 
• Desavazhis ruled under the control of Desakkoottam, which were popular in their nature. 
• The Panchayats ruled Karas. 
• The Perumal was at the top of the administrative hierarchy. 

♦ Complete the concept map related to Perumal administration.
♦ Write a note about economic development during the Perumal administration.
• Strong economic foundation. 
• Agriculture and trade flourished. 
• The spice trade with foreign countries and the customs duties (taxes) collected through ports. 
• The commercial activities of trading groups like Anchuvannam, Manigramam, Valanjiar, and Nanadesikal, which were prevalent throughout South India at that time, helped the economic development in this region.

♦ What were the cultural changes during the Perumal period?
• Temples emerged as the core of cultural life as they were the centres of agrarian villages.
• The caste system emerged as people continued the same occupation traditionally from birth.
• Architecture, sculpture, painting, instrumental music, dance, and music flourished around temples.
• Ritualistic arts like Koothu and Koodiyattam also developed during this period.

♦ The system that controlled the socio-economic and political spheres in medieval Kerala.
The Janmi system

♦ What were the circumstances that led to the formation of Naduvazhi Swaroopams?
• By the beginning of the 12th Century, the rule of the Perumals disintegrated. 
• Many Nadus that were part of the Perumal kingdom became independent.
• The Nadus that were part of the Perumal kingdom later came to be known as Naduvazhi Swaroopams, and these were under the control of the Naduvazhis.
• Swaroopams were self-governing regions that existed based on the 'Marumakkathayam' system (matrilineal inheritance). 
• Joint families based on the 'Marumakkathayam' system controlled the 'Swaroopams'.

♦ List the major Naduvazhi Swaroopams that existed in Kerala.
• Kolathunadu Swaroopam (Kannur)
• Nediyiruppu Swaroopam (Kozhikode)
• Perumpadappu Swaroopam (Kochi)
• Trippappur Swaroopam (Venad)
♦ List the main information related to Naduvazhi Swaroopams.
i. Kolathunadu Swaroopam
• Ruled from Kannur as its centre
• The ruler was known as 'Kolathiri'

ii. Nediyiruppu Swaroopam
• Ruled from Kozhikode as its centre 
• The ruler was known as 'Samoothiri' (Zamorin)
• The fame of Samoothiri raised after he had become the protector  (rakshapurusha) of the Mamankam festival.

iii. Perumpadappu Swaroopam
• The Kodungallur region became Perumpadappu Swaroopam
• It was later known as the Kochi Royal Family

iv. Trippappur Swaroopam (Venad)
• The Swaroopam situated at Southern part of Kerala
• Later, it evolved into the powerful princely state of Travancore

♦ During whose reign did Venad develop into a powerful princely state called Travancore?
Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma. 

♦ Who transformed the Perumpadappu Swaroopam into the Kochi kingdom?
Sakthan Thampuran 

♦ Tabulate the reforms  introduced by Marthanda Varma and Sakthan Thampuran
Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma Sakthan Thampuran
• Suppressed the Madambis and Ettuveettil Pillamar, the powerful landlords• Suppressed the Naduvazhis
• Measured and surveyed the land in the kingdom • Established trade centres
• Performed Thrippadidanam• Initiated the Thrissur Pooram
Additional Questions

♦ Who is the author of Thirukkural?
Thiruvalluvar

♦ Who is the author of Silappadikaram?
Ilango Adigal

♦ Who is the author of Manimekalai?
Chithalai Chathanar

♦ Which Tamil epic tells the story of Kovalan and Kannagi?
Silappadikaram

♦ What were the markets in ancient Tamizhakam?
'Allalavanam' and 'Nalangadi'

♦ Who were the prominent rulers of Mahodayapuram?
Ramarajasekharan, Sthanu Ravi, Indukotha, and Bhaskara Ravi 

♦ The system of inheritance from father to children.
Makkathayam

♦ The system by which the right of inheritance was passed to the sons of the sister in the family.
Marumakkathayam

♦ What was the festival celebrated once every twelve years on the banks of the Bharathappuzha at Thirunavaya?
Mamankam

♦ Who did Thrippadidanam?
Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma

♦ When did Thrippadidanam occur?
On January 3, 1750


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