Class 10 Social Science I: Chapter 06 Struggle and Freedom - Questions and Answers
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Class 10 History Questions and Answers
Chapter 06 Struggle and Freedom Questions and Answers
STRUGGLE AND FREEDOM
1. What are the reasons why Gandhi got the confidence and recognition of the common people of India so quickly?
-The agitations he conducted in South Africa.
-His lifestyle as a common man (food, clothing, language).
-Methods of struggle based on non-violence.
-They found in Gandhiji a saviour, who could solve their problems.
2. Early Struggles of Mahatma Gandhi:
3. What kind of struggle did Gandhiji adopt in India?
- Disobedience
- Fasting
- Satyagraha
- Denial of tax.
4. Champaran Sathyagraha of 1917:
- Gandhiji started his social activities in India through Champaran Sathyagraha. Champaran Sathyagraha was to solve the problems faced by the indigo farmers at Champaran in Bihar. Gandhiji resorted to the disobedience of the British rules and satyagraha and his involvement compelled the authorities to pass laws in favour of the indigo farmers.
5. Ahamadabad Cotton mill strike of 1918:
- Cotton mill workers in Ahmadabad started their strike in 1918 when they were denied Plague Bonus. Starting Sathyagraha Gandhiji protested against this policy. Following his Sathyagraha the authorities agreed to hike the wages of the employees.
6. Peasant Struggle in Kheda 1918:
- Due to drought and crop failure farmers in Kheda was living in utter misery. The rulers decided to collect tax from these poor villagers. Starting Sathyagraha Gandhiji protested against the decision. He advised people not to pay tax. Finally, authorities were forced to reduce tax rates.
7. Find out the results of the early struggles that Gandhiji took up in India.
• The struggles he took up popularised his ideologies and method of protest.
• Till his entry into the political scenario, a national movement was confined to the educated section of the society. His methods of protest attracted the laymen to the movement.
• The city-centric national movement spread to rural areas.
• Gandhiji became a national leader acceptable to all strata of society. 8. The incident that led Gandhi to the Indian National Movement.
-The Rowlatt Act
- In order to prevent extremist activities, the British Parliament passed the Rowlatt Act. It limited the civil rights of the peoples. The committee which recommended this act was led by Sir Sydney Rowlatt. As per this Act, any person could be arrested and imprisoned without trial.
10. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919:
- In Panjab anti-Rowlatt Act agitations was led by Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satypal. They were arrested by the British police. People gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on April 1919 to protest against this arrest. Accusing that the protesters violated his instructions, the army chief General Dyer ordered to shoot without warning. As per the Brish records, the shooting of ten minutes killed 379 protesters. In fact, the death toll was actually double this.
11. Specify the situation that caused the Jallianwala Bagh event.
OR
How did the Jallianwala Bagh massacre influence Indian national movement? Discuss.
- Gandhiji proposed to start the satyagraha in protest against the Rowlatt Act, which restricted civil rights.
- As a result, strikes and rallies took place all over the country.
- As a result, strikes and rallies took place all over the country.
- People gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 April 1919 to protest against the arrest of Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal who led the anti-Rowlatt Act agitations in Punjab.
-The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the culmination of the firing of British troops and the deaths of 379 people, according to the order of General Dyer, the army commander.
-The Jallianwala Bagh incident has triggered strong protests against the British all over India.
12. Characteristics of Non-Cooperation policy adopted by Gandhiji:
OR
What were the features of the Non-cooperation movement, the first national movement of the Indian National Congress led by Gandhiji?
a. Lawyers shall boycott courts.
b. The public shall boycott foreign products.
c. Boycott election.
d. Returning the British awards and prizes.
e. Denial of taxes.
f. Students shall boycott English Schools
13. What are the examples of how the Indian society responded to Gandhiji's appeal for non-cooperation.?
- Farmers in Awadh refused to pay taxes.
- The tribal groups in northern Andhra entered the forests and collected the forest produces violating the forest laws.
- Farmers in Uttar Pradesh refused to carry the luggage of the colonial officials
- Workers struck work.
- Lawyers boycotted courts.
- Students quitted colleges and schools run by the British.
- The public, including women, burnt foreign clothes on the streets.14. Constructive programmes started by Gandhiji during the time of the Non-cooperation movement.
1. Encouraged production of indigenous products.
eg. Encouraged the use of khadi.
2. Started National schools eg. Kashi vidya Pith, Gujarat Vidya pith and Jamia Millia.
3. Popularized Hindi.
4.Inspired people to participate actively in eradicating untouchability.
15. Analyse the effects of the non-cooperation movement
- Gandhiji called for construction work along with the boycott in the time of non-cooperation movement.
- Inspired by this, people began to make indigenous products, spin khadi cloth using charka,
- Establish national schools and popularise Hindi.
- Students who boycotted English education were attracted to national educational institutions.16. Importance of Non-cooperation movement:
1. It was the first national movement by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji.
2. Non-Cooperation movement had a major role in making the national movement, which was till then confined to the elite of the society.
3.Gandhiji withdrew the non-cooperation movement due to Chauri Caura incidents.
17. Which were the national schools that were formed during the non-cooperation movement?
- Kashi Vidya Pith,
- Gujarat Vidya pith,
- Jamia Millia.
18. Describe the circumstances that prompted Gandhi to stop the non-cooperation movement.
OR
The Chaurachura incident.
- In response to the police firing at a mob, the villagers of Chauri Chaura in Utter Pradesh set ablaze the police station and 22 policemen died. This incident disappointed Gandhiji and he realized that the people could not fully understand the essence of the principle of Ahimsa. So he called for stopping the non-cooperation movement.
19. Khilafat Movement:
- By declaring the Khilafat movement as a part of the Indian national movement, Gandhiji ensured active participation of Muslims in the freedom struggle. He travelled across India to propagate his ideologies with Khilafat leaders like Maulana Mohammad Ali and Maulana Shoukath Ali. As a result-
a. Anti-British feeling spread to the nook and corner of the nation
b. Hindhu- Muslim unity was intensified
20. Who were the leaders of the Khilafat movement in India?
- Mohamad Ali, Shaukat Ali
21. What was the aim of bringing the Gandhi Khilafat movement and the Non-cooperation movement together?
OR
Explain the circumstance that led Gandhiji to support the Khilafat Movement.
- By declaring the Khilafat Movement as a part of the Indian national movement, Gandhiji ensured active participation of Muslims
- Anti-British feeling spread to the nook and corner of the nation.
- Hindu-Muslim unity was intensified
22. Lahore congress session 1929:
a. Lahore Congress session was presided by Nehru.
b. The session declared that the ultimate aim of Indian freedom struggle was to attain complete freedom (Poorna swaraj) for the country.
c. decided to start the civil disobedience movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
23. Who presided over the Lahore Congress of 1929?
- Jawaharlal Nehru
24. What were the important decisions taken at the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in 1929 chaired by Jawaharlal Nehru?
- The session declared that the ultimate aim of Indian freedom struggle was to attain complete freedom (Poorna Swaraj) for the country
- It also resolved to start the civil disobedience movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
- With the civil disobedience, Gandhiji meant to disobey all anti-popular and anti-democratic civil laws made by the British government.
25. What are the proposals that Gandhi put forward as part of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
- To lift salt tax
- To declare 50% tax relaxation for farmers
- To increase the tax on imported foreign clothes
- To release political prisoners
- To cut short military budget and high salary of top officials
- To dissolve the secret surveillance wing formed to watch Indians
- To start coastal shipping service
- To implement prohibition of liquor
26. Why Gandhiji selected salt as a powerful weapon against the British: a. Salt tax constituted two fifth portion of the income collected by the British through taxes.
b. This tax was a heavy burden for poor people.
c. The British government banned small scale indigenous salt production.
d. There was three-fold hikes on salt price.
e. The demand for lifting salt tax was a slogan suitable to inspire all segments of society.
27. Salt Sathyagraha Centers
* Payyannur - Kerala
* Vedaranyam - Tamil Nadu
* Bombay - Maharashtra
* Noakhali - Bengal
* Dharasana (Sarojini Naidu) - Gujarat
28. The Salt Sathyagraha played a major role in making national movement a mass movement -Substantiate.
- Inspired by the call of Gandhiji, people in various parts of the country started to produce salt on their own, violating the British regulations.
- Payyannur in Kerala, Vedaranyam in Tamil Nadu, Bombay in Maharashtra, Noakhali in Bengal and North-West Frontier Province were some of the centres of this protest.
- As part of the protest, volunteers made salt and distributed it to the public.
- Hoisted national flag and chanted anti-British slogans.
- The British police severely tortured a team of volunteers led by Sarojini Naidu who had set out to Dharasana salt field in Gujarat.
- Gandhiji was arrested and the movement was suppressed callously.
29. Round Table Conferences
- The British government convened at James Palace in London three Round Table conferences in 1930, 1931 and 1932 to discuss the administrative reforms to be implemented in India. Representing Indian National Congress Gandhiji attended the Second Round Table Conference.
30. Quit India Movement of 1942:
a. Bombay conference of the National Congress in 1942 decided to start the Quit India Movement
b. It was the last popular protest organized by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji. It was a mass movement based on the ideology of non-violence meant to force the British to leave the country offering complete freedom to Indians.” Do or Die“was the famous slogan given by Gandhiji during the time of Quit India Movement
31. What were the factors that caused Quit India Movement.?
OR
Explain the situation that led to the declaration of the Quit India Movement?
• Reluctance of the British to implement constitutional reforms in India
• Public disgust with price hike and famine
• The assumption that the British would be defeated in the Second World War
32. What were the instructions given to the people by Gandhi as a part of Quit India Movement?
• Princely states shall recognise the sovereignty of their people
• Farmers shall not pay land tax
• Government officials shall disclose their loyalty to Indian National Congress without resigning their positions
• Without quitting their positions in the army, soldiers shall disobey orders to shoot and kill Indians
• If possible, students shall boycott education till attaining freedom
33. What were the activities of the Quit India Struggles?
- The British government suppressed the movement very severely.
- Arrested leaders including Mahatma Gandhi.
- In protest, the uncontrolled mob demolished government offices, electric lines and transportation facilities.
- At the end of 1942, India was under the fire of popular unrest.m 34. Movements who had a difference of opinion towards Gandhiyan Approach (Revolutionary movements)
1.Swaraj Party (1923)
2.Hindhustan Socialist
Republican Association (1928)
3. Congress Socialist Party (1934)
35. Swaraj Party (1923)
- C R Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party in 1923. They argued for making legislative assemblies as platforms for raising our voices instead of boycotting them and they contested elections.
36. Hindhustan socialist Republican Association:
- Revolutionaries from Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar gathered in Delhi and formed The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. Bhagath Sing, Chandra Sekhar Azad, Raj Guru and Sukha dev were the leaders of this movement. They formed a military wing called Republican Army for armed revolution. Their plan was to overthrow the colonial government through military action and establish a federal republic of Indian States. In Lahore Bhagath Sing, Raj Guru and Sukha Dev shot to kill Saunders, the police officer responsible for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. Bhagat Sing and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs at the Central legislative Assembly to protest against the attempt to pass laws reducing civil rights. They were arrested and sent to jail. Gn march 23, 1931 Bhagat sing, Raj Guru and Sukhdev were hanged to death by the British government.
37. Given below are the names of some revolutionary organisations and their leaders:
Revolutionary organization - leaders
Abhinav Bharath Society - V.D. Savarkar
Anuseelan Samathi - Bareender Kumar Ghose, Pulin Bihari Das
Ghadar Party - Lala Hardayal
Indian Republican Army - Surya Sen
38. Congress Socialist Party. 1934:
- Congress Socialist Party was formed Under the Chairmanship of Jai Prakash Narayan in Bombay in 1934. This organization played a decisive role in the Quit India movement. When Gandhiji and other leaders of the Congress were arrested during the time of quit India movement Socialist party leaders like Jai Prakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali led the movements.
39. Role of Subhash Chandra Bose in national movements of India:
- At various stages of the national movements, Subhash Chandra Bose expressed his difference of opinion on Gandhiyan ideas of struggle. Quitting the Congress he formed a political party called Forward Block. He took the charge of the Indian National Army (INA) formed by Rash Bihari Bose. He formed a provisional government for free India in Singapore, with the aim of forcing the British to quit India. INA had a women wing with Captain Lekshmi as the charge of the regiment. With the support of the Japan army, the INA marched to the east-west border of India and hoisted the Indian flag in Imphal.
40. Formation of labour union and earliest labour unions in India:
- The socialist ideology spread among the Indians after the Russian revolution led to the formation of various labour and peasant movements in India. Earliest labour unions in India – Ahmedabad Textiles Association and madras Labour Union
41. All India Trade Union Congress 1920:
- AITSC was formed under the leadership of M.N.Joshi and Lala Lajpat Rai in 1920.
Objectives of AITSC
a. To organize and act as a working class.
b. To facilitate Indian working class to cooperate with the working class outside India.
c. To participate actively in the Indian freedom struggle.
42. The All India Kissan Congress (All India Kissan Sabha):
- Severe exploitation of the zamindars and the low price of agricultural products led to the formation of the organized struggle of farmers and peasants. The All India Kisan Congress which was later called All India Kissan Sabha was formed in Lahore by the efforts of the leaders like N.G. Ranga. A farmer’s manifesto was prepared in the All India Kissan Samathi conference held in Bombay. Demand includes in the manifesto are
(a) reduce 50% of land tax and lease charge
(b) write off debts
(c) Cancel feudal taxes.
(d) Ensure minimum wage for agricultural workers
(e) Recognize peasant unions.
43. Agitations and revolts in various parts of the country:
(a) The collapse of imperialism after the 2nd world war
(b) Britain lost its capacity to maintain colonies due to financial crises
(c) Intensified freedom struggle in Asia and Africa
(d) America and Soviet policy against colonialism.
(e) New government under labour party was a sympathizer to India. This circumstance that forced Britain to free India
45. Which political party came to power in England when India gained independence?
- The Labour Party
46. Mountbatten Plan:
OR
What were the recommendations of the Mountbatten Plan?
- All India League under the leadership of Mohammed Ali Jinnah raised claims for a separate country called Pakistan. Following this Lord Mountbatten was appointed as the Viceroy of India to deliver freedom to India.
Proposals of the Mountbatten Plan
(a) To form a separate country in Muslim majority area as per the Muslims wish.
(b) To divide Punjab and Bengal
(c) To conduct a referendum to determine whether to add North-West Frontier province to Pakistan or not.
(d) To appoint a commission to determine the borders in Punjab and Bengal.
47. Indian Independent Act 1947:
- As per the Indian Independent Act passed by the British parliament in 1947 two free nation India and Pakistan came into existence. Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India.
48. Write the following in chronological order
a)The Quit India Movement
b)Formation of the Congress Socialist Party
c)The peasant struggle in Kheda
d)The Lahore Congress
Answer:
a)The peasant struggle in Kheda
b)The Lahore Congress
c)Formation of the Congress Socialist Party
d)The Quit India Movement
49. What are the demands of the peasants included in the Kisan Manifesto which was constituted by the All India Kisan Committee at the Bombay session?
- Reduce 50% of land tax and lease charge
- Write off debts
- Cancel feudal taxes
- Ensure minimum wage for agricultural workers
- Recognise peasant unions
50. Find the odd one out
(Tebhaga struggle, Telangana struggle, Naval mutiny, The Quit India Movement)
- The Quit India Movement
51. Who were the leaders at the time of the formation of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) in 1920?
- N. M. Joshi, Lala Lajpat Rai
52. Who is the founder of the political party called Forward Bloc?
- Subhash Chandra Bose
53. Who led Gujarat's Dharasana Salt Factory strike?
- Sarojini Naidu
54. Which Malayalee was in -charge of the Jhansi Rani Regiment, the women's wing of the Indian National Army?
- Captain Lakshmi
55. Describe the role of Subhash Chandra Bose in the Indian independence movement.
- Forward Bloc was formed by Subhash Chandra Bose. He took the leadership of INA formed by Rash Bihari Bose. He formed a provincial government of India in Singapore with the aim of forcing the British to quit India. With the support of the Japanese army, the Indian National Army marched to the east-west Border of India and hoisted the Indian flag in Imphal. The Jhansi Rani Regiment was formed.
- Forward Bloc was formed by Subhash Chandra Bose. He took the leadership of INA formed by Rash Bihari Bose. He formed a provincial government of India in Singapore with the aim of forcing the British to quit India. With the support of the Japanese army, the Indian National Army marched to the east-west Border of India and hoisted the Indian flag in Imphal. The Jhansi Rani Regiment was formed.
56. Match the following
57. complete the following table.
b. The Ghadar Party
c. Surya Sen
d. Anusheelan Samithi
58. What was the last mass agitation led by Gandhiji in the Indian National Congress?
- The Quit India Movement
22." Supposing ten persons from each of the seven lakh villages in India come forward to manufacture salt and disobey the Salt Act, what do you think the Government can do?”
59. Who made this statement? Under what circumstances was this statement made?
- Gandhiji
- Salt Satyagraha / the civil disobedience movement
60. Gandhiji's call for a civil violation of the Salt Law was taken up by the people of India. Provide appropriate examples and support the statement.
- Payyannur in Kerala, Vedaranyam in Tamilnadu, Bombay in Maharashtra, Noakhali in Bengal and the North-West Frontier are the places of protest.
- Volunteers made salt and distributed it to the public, hoisted the national flag and chanted anti-British slogans.
61. Which Satyagraha was initiated by Gandhiji in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
- Salt Satyagraha
62. How did the integration of the Khilafat movement with the Indian nationalist movement help the Indian independence movement?
- The active participation of the Muslim people was ensured.
- Anti-British sentiment spread in India.
- Hindu-Muslim unity flourished.
63. In public affairs, Gandhiji was able to gain the recognition of the Indian people, Substantiate
* In South Africa, Gandhiji was well-known for his involvement and struggles with Indians.
* His life method as a common man (food, clothing, language)
* The common people saw Gandhiji as the saviour who could solve all their problems.
64. Arrange the B and C columns to match those in the A column
65. In which year the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act
- 1947
66. Write down the names of two organizations formed with a different view of Gandhian style and ideology for the independence of India.
- swaraj party
- Hindustan Socialist party
- Abhinav Bharat Society
- Gaddar party
- Anuseelan Samiti
- INA
67. The following are the struggles led by Gandhiji. These can be categorized into regional and national struggles.
68. 'The tribes of Northern Aedra Forests violating forest law and Collected Products'
The above is an example of the widespread non-cooperation movement in India. Write three other examples.
- Farmers in Aoudh refused to pay taxes.
- In Uttar Pradesh, farmers refused to carry the luggage of colonial officials.
- Workers struck work
- The students boycotted the British government's schools and colleges.
- The lawyers boycotted the court.
- The public including women burnt foreign clothes on the streets.
69. Along with the boycott, the Constructive Program was part of the non-cooperation movement. Validate this statement.
Boycott
- Foreign goods
- Elections
- Courts of lawyers
- Students British schools and colleges
- Non-payment of taxes
- British awards
Constructive program
- Establishment of National Schools
- Produce indigenous products
- The Untouchability
- Popularise Hindi
70. In which year the British Parliament passed the Rowlatt Act
- 1919
71. What are the main provisions of the Rowlatt Act? How did it affect the Indian independence movement?
- preventing extremist activities, the British Parliament passed the Rowlett Act in 1919, limiting civil rights.
- As per this act any person could be arrested and imprisoned without trial.
- Protests and Gandhiji's call to launch Satyagraha
- Strengthened the Indian independence movement.
72. Which is the struggle Gandhiji begin his public career in India?
- The Champaran strike
73. How did the integration of the Khilafat movement with the Indian nationalist movement help the Indian independence movement?
- The active participation of the Muslim people was ensured
- Anti-British sentiment spread in India
- Hindu and Muslim unity was intensified.
74. What are the causes and effects of the peasant strike in Kheda and the textile strike in Ahmedabad?
- Due to drought and crop failure farmers in Kheda was living in utter misery. The rulers decided to collect tax from these poor villagers. Starting Sathyagraha Gandhiji protested against the decision. He advised people not to pay tax. Finally, authorities were forced to reduce tax rates.
- Cotton mill workers in Ahmadabad started their strike in 1918 when they were denied Plague Bonus. Starting Sathyagraha Gandhiji protested against this policy. Following his Sathyagraha the authorities agreed to hike the wages of the employees.
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