STD 6 Basic Science: Unit 10 For Shape and Strength - Questions and Answers | Teaching Manual


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Chapter 10: For Shape and Strength - Questions and Answers 
1. What is an exoskeleton?
Answer: Shells help to protect the body parts, provide shape and help to escape from enemies. These coverings in the outer surface of the body are called exoskeleton.

2. Which are the remnants of the exoskeleton?
Answer: Scales of fishes and reptiles, feathers of birds, hairs, horns, hooves and nails of animals are all remnants of the exoskeleton.

3. Are the outer shells of all organisms the same?
Answer: No

4. How do the exoskeleton of centipede and millipede differ from others?
Answer: Snail, beetle,crab, oysters etc., have hard shells. The shells of centipede, millipede etc., are comparatively less hard. On the basis of shape, colour and hardness, the outer shells are different.

5. What is the relation between the exoskeletons of animals and their shapes?
Answer: The beautiful patterns and colours in the exoskeletons make many organisms very attractive.

6. How do these exoskeletons help animals?
Answer: Shells help to protect the body parts, provide shape and help to escape from enemies.

7. Cockroach and lizard are two small creatures always found in our houses, aren’t they? Are their skeletons alike?
Answer: No, thre keletons are not alike.

8. The figures of skeletons of different organisms are given below. Observe the figures and identify the organisms to which they belong.
Answer:
A. Cow
B. Goat
C. Cat
D. Crane
E. Lizard
F. Fish

9. What is endoskeleton?
Answer: Skeleton seen inside the body is called endoskeleton. In cow, goat etc., the skeleton is seen inside the body. 

10. Give examples for organisms possess both endoskeleton and exoskeleton?
Answer: tortoise, crocodile, gharilal etc.

11. In which ways do skeletons help animals?
Answer: Bones provide shape and strength to the body. They also help in movement. It supports our body weight. It protects the internal organs like brain, heart, lungs etc.

12. Observe the model of the skeleton in the Science Lab.
List the characteristics and functions of the bones you have observed.
  Bone  Characteristics  Use   
• Skull 
• Ribs
• Vertebral column 
• Bones in the hand 
• Bones in the leg

Answer: 
• Skull: 
Characteristics:-It supports the structures of the face. It forms a cavity for the brain.
Use:- Provide protection and structure.
• Ribs:
Characteristics:-12 pairs of curved bones in the chest. Ribs are strong and flexible.
Use:-To protect lungs and heart.
• Vertebral column: 
Characteristics:- Like many bones joined together into one big bone. “S-shaped. It is also known as backbone.
Use:-
It is a tall, thin organ located dorsally that extends from the base of the spine to the pelvis. Protects the spinal cord. Keeps the body erect.
• Bones in the hand:
Characteristics:- They are large and small in size.
Use:-It helps in movement of the hand.
• Bones in the leg:
Characteristics:- Many large and small bones in leg. 
Use:- It helps in the movement of the leg.

13. How do the bones of the human body differ in their size and shape?
Answer: Bones have differing shapes related to their particular function.
The skull is composed of some bones closely together. Only the lower jaw is movable. 
The ribs are 12 pairs of curved bones form a cage like structure. 
The vertebral column is formed some bones together like S' shape.
The bones in legs have small bones in tingers. 
Thigh bone is large. 
The bones in hands have small bones in fingers. 
The joints have long bones.

14. What is the significance of the skull?
Answer: It provide protection for the brain and the facial skeleton.

15. Why do two-wheeler riders have to wear helmets?
Answer: It will protect the rider from severe head injuries that might prove to be life-threatening.

16. Which part of the human body protects the brain?
Answer: Skull

17. Which bone is moveble in the skull?
Answer: The lower jaw bone

18. Which is the strongest bone in the body?
Answer: Jaw bone

19. Which part of the body helps to keep it erect?
Answer: Vertebral column

20.  injuries in the ———— cause lifelong paralysis.
Answer: Vertebral column

21. The bones which cover and protect the lungs and the heart?
Answer: Ribs

22. Which is the largest bone in the human body?
Answer: Thigh bone

23. ———- is the smallest bone in the human body.
Answer: Stapes bone in the ear.

24. ——– bones are there in the body at the time of birth.
Answer: 300

25. The number of bones in human body are
Answer: 206

26. Proper postures are to be maintained for the health and longevity of the vertebral column. Look at the right postures to be followed while sitting, standing and lying. (Textbook Page: 129)
• Which posture has to be maintained while lifting a weight?
Answer: While lifting a weight keep the backbone strait and bend our knee and lift the substance
• How do you sit in the classroom?
Answer: It is necessary to keep the vertebral column straight in every instance. Bending of the vertebral column will adversely affect its health. This may also bring about back pain.

27. Why is it necessary to keep the vertebral column straight in every instance?
Answer: Bending of the vertebral column will adversely affect its health. This may also bring backpain.

28. Did you see any bones in the pinna and nose in the human skeleton you have observed?
Answer: No

29. What is cartilage?
Answer: Soft bones are seen in nose and ear. These are called cartilage.
Cartilages are more in number in children.

30. Try to do the following activities by tying a long stick behind your elbow.
- Act as if you are eating food by lifting the hand-tied with the stick.
- Show with the same hand how you brush your teeth.
• Why can’t you do these activities?
Answer: The hands are tied with the stick. So these activities cannot do ourselves. 
• What is the arrangement in your hand to help you perform these actions easily?
Answer: Joints connect bones in our hand to help perform these actions easily. Joints connect bones together and help us in various movements and actions.

31. Examine the ways in which different parts of the body like neck, knee and fingers can be moved.
  Body part  Movement/Characteristics 
• palm
• elbow
• knee 
• neck 
• wrist		• Can move up and down
• Can move upward only
• Can bent in backward direction only 
• Can move to both sides, can rotate
• Can move up and down, can rotate
• Which of these can be moved only in one direction?
Answer: elbow, knee
• Which can be moved in both directions?
Answer: neck, wrist
• Which parts can be moved in many directions?
Answer: Shoulder joint and Hip joint

32. Analyse the table and record your findings. (Textbook Page: 131)
Answer: 
• Ball and socket joint: Freely movable. The ball of one bone rotates in the socket of the other bone.
Example: Shoulder joint, Hip joint
• Hinge joint: Like a hinge, can be moved only in one direction.
Example: Elbow, Knee
• Pivot joint: A bone turns in opposite directions at an axis in the same plane.
Example: Neck (Part where the skull and the anterior part of the vertebral column join).

33. What would have been our difficulties if there were no joints in the human body?
Answer: The skeleton makes you bend forwards, backwards or sideways. without this system, the body will sag to the floor like an empty set of clothes. If skeleton is absent. our body becomes shapeless and loses protection of organs like heart, brain and lungs. Decrease the production of blood cells.

34. What is bone fracture?
Answer: Strong impact can cause the breaking of bones or appearance of fissures in the bones. Breaking of bones is called fracture.

35. What is dislocation?
Answer: Sometimes the position of the bones is changed, this is called dislocation.

36. What is Characteristics of Ball and socket joint?
Answer: The ball of one bone rotates in the socket of the other bone.(shoulder and hip joint)

37. What is Characteristics of Hinge joint?
Answer: bones moved only in one direction.
(Elbow and knee)

38. What is Characteristics of Pivot joint?
Answer: A bone turns in opposite directions at an axis in the same plane.(Neck)

39. What is joints?
Answer: Joints connect bones together and help in various movements and actions of our body.

40. Who provide shape and strength to the body?
Answer: Bones

41. How Bone fractures can be identified?
Answer: 
• Pain in the injured part.
• Difficulty in moving the injured part.
• Swelling of the affected part.
• A slight bending at the site of injury.
• Structural change with respect to a similar bone.

42. How many bones present indifferent parts of body?
Answer: The number of bones present in human body is as follows:
• Skull : 22
• Ribs: 24
• Vertebral column: 33
• In each hand: 32 (both are 64)
• In each leg: 30 (both are 60)
• Chest bone: 1
• Waist (hip): 2
• Total bones present in human body are 206.

43. A person whose bone is fractured should be taken immediately to a
hospital. What all things are to be taken care of before taking the person to a hospital?
Answer: The broken parts should not be moved. Tying splints will be helpful.

44. What is Splint?
Answer: Splint is a strong support made of wood, plastic or metal. Tying the broken part using a splint helps to block its movement.

45. What precautions should be taken to prevent fracture of bones? Conduct a discussion. Exhibit the main suggestions in the classroom.
Answer: Hardness of bones is due to the presence of calcium phosphate. So
calcium and phosphorus are essential for the growth of bones. During growth, minerals like calcium and phosphorus harden bone. In infants, the Splint bones are not very hard because the Splint is a strong support made of wood, plastic or metal. Tying the broken part using a splint helps to block its movement. deposition of calcium phosphate is less.  In adults, calcium required by the body is absorbed from the bones. This causes the weakening of bones. Vegetables like ash gourd, snake gourd etc., fruits like guava, jambu etc., egg, milk and small fishes are rich in calcium.
• Avoid carelessness in walking and jumping Avoid hard exercises. Do regular exercises
• Eat food items that contains more calcium.
• Keep right body posture in walking, sitting and laying
• Do not use high-heeled shoes.
• Allow body to complete rest. 
• Avoid overeating food

Let us Assess
1. List out the characteristics of exoskeleton and endoskeleton.
Answer:
  Exoskeleton  Endoskeleton 
• It seen outside the body 
• It protect from enemies
• It includes shells, scales, feathers, hairs etc.
• It seen inside the body
• It protects internal organs
• It includes bones and cartilages 

2. Complete the concept map.
Extended activities
1. The pictures show the skeletons of a bird and an animal. What are the
resemblances between their skeletons and human skeleton? Find out using the hints. (Textbook Page: 134, 135)
• skull
• ribs
• bones in the legs and hands
• vertebral column
Answer:
• Skull - Skull protects the brain. Composed of light flat bones and curved bones joined closely together. Only the lower jaw is movable.
• Ribs - The ribs form a cage like structure.
• Bones in the legs and hands - The thigh bone is large. Small bones are joined in fingers.
• Vertebral column - Some bones together forms a bone like 'S' shape.

2. Observe the movements of the limbs of cow, dog and cat. Compare it with the movement of our hands and legs.
Answer: When all animals breathes in the rib cage moves up and expands. When breathes out, the rib cage moves down and contracts. Hands and legs are moving in one plane. Can bend hands and legs like man.















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